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Emphysema pathlogy
Emphysema pathlogy
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There is no cure for emphysema but there are many treatments that can help relieve symptoms. The types of treatment are medications, therapy, surgery, and lifestyle and home remedies. Medications such as bronchodilators and inhaled steroids are used to help alleviate the shortness of breath that is caused from emphysema. Antibiotics are also used when emphysema lead to an infection such as bronchitis or pneumonia. Two types of therapy that can be used are pulmonary rehabilitation and nutrition therapy. Pulmonary rehabilitation teaches these patients breathing techniques that can be used to help decrease shortness of breath. Nutrition therapy is used to help these patients learn appropriate nutrition. Depending on the stage of emphysema a patient
Additionally, some of the general diagnostic and pulmonary function tests are distinct in emphysema in comparison to chronic bronchitis. In the case of R.S. the arterial blood gas (ABG) values are the following: pH=7.32, PaCO2= 60mm Hg, PaO2= 50 mm Hg, HCO3- = 80mEq/L. R.S.’s laboratory findings are indicative of chronic bronchitis, where the pH and PaO2 are decreased, whereas PaCO2 and HCO3- are increased, when compare to normal indices. Based on the arterial blood gas evaluation, the physician can deduce that the increased carbon dioxide is due to the airway obstruction displayed by the hypoventilation. Furthermore the excessive mucus production in chronic bronchitis hinders proper oxygenation leading to the hypoxia. On the other hand, in emphysema the arterial blood gas values would include a low to normal PaCO2 and only a slight decrease in PaO2 which tend to occur in the later disease stages.
There are a variety of ways to treat a collapsed lung, and different methods are used depending on the severity of the situation. The ultimate goal of the treatment is to restore lung function by removing external pressure on the
It incorporates dietary advising, exercise training, and mental guiding. There are also numerous surgical treatment alternatives. For example, the removal of nasal polyps that block breathing, oxygen treatment to prevent pulmonary hypertension, endoscopy and lavage to suction mucus from airways, the surgical insertion of a feeding tube may be important to convey supplements while sleeping. In cases where life-threatening lung complexities arise, a lung transplant may be viewed as an option.
Having emphysema and bronchitis together is known as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Symptoms will include:
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease or COPD is a group of progressive lung diseases that block airflow and make it hard to breathe. Emphysema and chronic bronchitis are the most common types of COPD (Ignatavicius & Workman, 2016, p 557). Primary symptoms include coughing, mucus, chest pain, shortness of breath, and wheezing (Ignatavicius & Workman, 2016, p.557). COPD develops slowly and worsens over time if not treated during early stages. The disease has no cure, but medication and disease management can slow its progress and make one feel better (NIH, 2013)
Asthma is treated with two types of medicines: long-term control and quick-relief medicines. Long-term control medicines help reduce airway inflammation and prevent asthma symptoms. Quick-relief, or "rescue," medicines relieve asthma symptoms that may flare up.
The simple act of breathing is often taken for granted. As an automated function sustaining life, most of us do not have to think about the act of breathing. However, for many others, respiratory diseases make this simple act thought consuming. Emphysema is one such disease taking away the ease, but instead inflicting labored breathing and a hope for a cure.
...a are bronchodilators like anticholinergic, beta agonists, theophylline and oxygen, which are for the advance cases of the disease. In addition, the best treatment for people whom have emphysema is for them to stop smoking.
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is preventable disease that has a detrimental effects on both the airway and lung parenchyma (Nazir & Erbland, 2009). COPD categorises emphysema and chronic bronchitis, both of which are characterised by a reduced maximum expiratory flow and slow but forced emptying of the lungs (Jeffery 1998). The disease has the one of the highest number of fatalities in the developed world due to the ever increasing amount of tobacco smokers and is associated with significant morbidity and mortality (Marx, Hockberger & Walls, 2014). Signs and symptoms that indicate the presence of the disease include a productive cough, wheezing, dyspnoea and predisposing risk factors (Edelman et al., 1992). The diagnosis of COPD is predominantly based on the results of a lung function assessment (Larsson, 2007). Chronic bronchitis is differentiated from emphysema by it's presentation of a productive cough present for a minimum of three months in two consecutive years that cannot be attributed to other pulmonary or cardiac causes (Marx, Hockberger & Walls, 2014) (Viegi et al., 2007). Whereas emphysema is defined pathologically as as the irreversible destruction without obvious fibrosis of the lung alveoli (Marx, Hockberger & Walls, 2014) (Veigi et al., 2007).It is common for emphysema and chronic bronchitis to be diagnosed concurrently owing to the similarities between the diseases (Marx, Hockberger & Walls, 2014).
COPD is Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease and is a major cause of disability. Millions of middle aged-adult and older adults are diagnosed with COPD. “Over the past decades chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) has become widespread and is now the fourth leading cause of morbidity and mortality on a worldwide basis” (Hellem, Bruugsgaard, & Bergland, 2012, p. 206). This disease is a progressive disease that makes it hard to breathe. As time goes on the symptoms will get worse. Most people with COPD have both emphysema and chronic bronchitis. With emphysema, the walls between many of the air sacs are damaged which reduces the amount of gas exchange in the lungs. With chronic bronchitis, the lining of the airways is constantly irritated and inflamed. This causes the lining to thicken and thick mucus forms in the airways, which makes it hard to breathe.
This is a 46-year-old Afro-American male who returns to the clinic after last being seen in 08/2017 for constipation and abdominal bloating. He has a history of a mixed connective tissue disorder and bolus emphysema. When I saw the inmate in 08/2017, he had reported to me constipation, bloating, and intestinal gas. His history also suggested that he had a colonoscopy done elsewhere in 01/2015 that was normal. I had recommended a colonic motility study, Sitzmarks capsule. This is an ingested capsule that contains 24 radiopaque markers that were ingested on day one, by the inmate then five days later an abdominal x-ray is obtained. That x-ray that was obtained was negative for any retained radio opaque markers, this suggests normal colonic function, yet despite this test, the inmate continues to complain vehemently of constipation, bloating, and gas. He has taken multiple laxatives and none of these are effective. He is asking me for alternative therapies.
Emphysema causes the patient to use more muscles to push the air out of the alveoli which causes barrel chest. Other symptoms that can occur includes shortness of breath and dyspnea that will increase. Circumoral cyanosis and symptoms of right ventricular heart failure can also occur as the disease progresses. Emphysema diagnosis is normally symptomatic, which helps in the proper diagnosis. Emphysema can be diagnosed by patient history and clinical exam, pulmonary function studies and radiologic chest studies also help in the diagnosis. Due to the fact that emphysema is not asymptomatic, the diagnosis is much easier when present in the medical office. Certain signs that doctors look for any breathing difficulties, hypertension, polycythemia, wheezing and barrel chest appearance. Other symptoms that can occur include hepatomegaly, edema, blue-ish discoloration around the mouth and clubbed fingers which encourages treatment options that need to be considered. Drug therapy treatment options for emphysema includes adrenergic sympathomimetic drug or can be used in combination with corticosteroid. Other treatment options include medications for GERD, oxygen therapy and in certain cases surgery could be considered. Treatment methods encourage the patient to avoid any pulmonary irritants, getting their flu shot annually, and pulmonary rehabilitation. Unfortunately, the prognosis for emphysema is very poor. This disease is actually one of the most common causes of death in the U.S.. Prevention of emphysema is basic education about health risk that can occur from long-term smoking. Also parents should make sure to prevent repeated respiratory infection from occurring to limit the
86 y/o Caucasian female, retired accountant with history of emphysema (due to second hand smoking), chronic iron deficiency, and dry eyes. Lives independently and is still driving within her community. For purposes of this discussion she will be referred as Mrs. H.
Pneumoconiosis is a general term given to any lung disease caused by dusts that are breathed in and then deposited deep in the lungs causing damage. Pneumoconiosis is usually considered an occupational lung disease, and includes asbestosis, silicosis and coal workers' pneumoconiosis (CWP), also known as Black Lung Disease (www.lung.org).
Even though there is no cure for asthma, there are two main types of medication used for the treatment of it. The first is long term medication that aids in decreasing the inflammation of a person’s airways and also serves as a preventative measure for symptoms and asthma attacks. These medicines are usually anti-inflammatory drugs that are taken daily to reduce future symptoms, but do not act as a quick fix...