1.1 Introduction
The benefits of introduce Electric Vehicle (EV) into power network have been demonstrated in vast amount of literatures. Functionalities such as damping out the oscillation of electricity quality, responding to demand schedule, acting as the back-up reserve and accommodating the penetration of wind power generation are sufficiently analysed based on the assumption of perfect prediction and management of EV mobility.
However, there exist many drawbacks of oversimplified assumption of EV mobility. First, lots of existing models rooted their research within the existing private car ownership models, which generally predict the fleet size in a given area as a function of average car price, average house hold income or even use current vehicles data. But other attributes such as the variation of tax credit and households’ multi-purpose trip have significant impacts on people’s eagerness to purchase EVs as well. Second, the electricity demand of EVs are predicted on the basis of fixed vehicle usage model that EVs are sometime connected to electric grid without affecting vehicle owners’ daily trips. But the truth is vehicle owners may adjust their travel behaviour according to the tariff to minimise their cost. Additional rebates by allowing network operator to access their batteries can also be differential driving force to further change vehicle owners’ travel behaviour and parking choice.
On the other hand, lots of gaps need to be filled in, of which one particular filed is the electrification of public transport. Electrified public transport are discussed either in fields like continuous charging on road or the deployment of charging station surround existing routes. At this stage, government and investors need som...
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... as “cheap electrification” because it had many of the advantages of traditional electrification, but the initial cost was dramatically cheaper(Lecture Notes, 2/19/14). The story of railway electrification showed that just because a particular technology is better than an existing one, does not necessarily mean that it will win out in the end. The success of the “better” technology largely depends on what people want at the time, the magnitude of change required to adopt the “better” technology, and people’s willingness to accept that degree of change.
The Automotive, or electric car industry particularly, comprises all those companies and activities involved in the manufacture of electric motor vehicles (EV), including most components, such as engines, bodies and rechargeable batteries or another energy storage device. The industry’s principal products are passenger automobiles. Despite the fact that the first electric cars were produced in 1880s , the advances in internal combustion engines, especially the electric starter, soon diminished the relative advantages of the electric car and became the dominant design in the market. Due to this the EV was almost a forgotten industry staying in the early stage of development, conforming to less than 1% of the automotive stock
So, the Chairman for General Motors’, Alfred P. Sloan, didn’t just want to demolish the electric railways, he wanted to replace them with something else: buses. He is hoping that no one would want to ride the buses due to bad service, which would ultimately lead to purchasing a General Motors’ automobile for private
The substantial increase in the demand for EV’s came just in time as we are slowly but surely running out of oil. Some estimate that by the year 2040, 35 percent of all vehicles will be electric (Sullins, 2017). An article from the U.S. Department of Energy stated that “Electric vehicles hold a lot of potential for helping the U.S. create a more sustainable future. If the U.S. transitioned all the light-duty vehicles to hybrids or plug-in electric vehicles, we could reduce our dependence on foreign oil by 30-60 percent, while lowering the carbon pollution from the transportation sector by as much as 20 percent (energy.gov, 2014). It’s obvious that gas-powered vehicles have harmed our planet with their emissions. Although EV’s cannot reverse that damage that has been done, they can eliminate, or at least slow down, the inevitable demise that our planet is headed towards. Along with the beneficial environmental factors that correspond with electric cars, there are also beneficial financial factors. The average American spends about $2,000 on gas annually. In the future, charging stations will charge roughly $12.00 for a full charge, which is about 300 miles. This means that the average American will save about $1,400 per year on these specific car
The future American commuter will undoubtedly have to transition from the use of fossil fuels to new alternatives due to the diminishing availability of the nation’s oil resources. How will America respond to this upcoming issue? It is difficult to predict which alternative fuel source America will ultimately choose, but with the premier of Nissan’s electric powered Leaf and other companies; such as Tesla Motors and Chevy, with their electric cars ready for market, the electric car may be winning the race to become the new standard for the gasoline alternative. Electric cars resolve long standing environmental issues, but it will need to maneuver around many roadblocks to become a marketable consideration for the general public. The cost of electric cars, currently on the market, makes them an impractical purchase for the average consumer. If cost is not the growing concern in today’s economy which prevents the consumer from considering this option; they may deny the technological advance due to battery storage capabilities and the inadequate infrastructure in place to refuel and provide for them.
Gas prices raise and lower in very fast rates every month. According to a 2012 report by The Huffington Post, the average human will spend two thousand dollars to fill up their tank every year. Electric cars will turn that statistic into zero dollars a year for certain people that have made the switch. According to Mary Kathryn Campbell, “The average cost of electricity in the US is 12 cents per kWh. Therefore, the average person driving an average EV 15,000 miles per year pay about $540.00 per year to charge it.” (Plug in America, Campbell). Electric cars will save the average person around one thousand four hundred and sixty dollars a year. Although switching to an electric car is very good for your pocket, you will still have to spend a lot of money on the maintenance and electricity the car needs. Drivers will have to buy things like home charging stations, which range from five thousand to one thousand dollars. It is also a challenge to calculate how much money is spent on electricity a year. As Brad Berman, of PlugInCars.com states, the actual cost for a kWh varies widely across the U.S., and can swing wildly even within a location based on utility rate plans, season, tiers, time-of-use programs and home solar. Forecasting actual EV fuels costs is a tough challenge.” (Plugin Cars, Berman). Switching to electric cars will save you a lot of money on gas, but you will also have to worry about other things like maintenance and charging
Environmental concerns have been raised from time to time because of the dependency on the gasoline-fueled engine as the chief auto powertrain technology. This has resulted in exposing many automobile users to unpredictable prices of fuel. These issues were, however, the reason for the inception of Tesla Motors so as to bring into existence another set of automotive which serves the similar purpose; but uses another form of energy that being electricity to drive them instead of the disadvantageous gasoline-powered engine. This invention was influenced by a number of factors in terms of their planning and performance (Hunger, 2010).
What is Penelope’s role and significance in the plot and themes of the Odyssey? Penelope can be viewed as one of the central characters of the Odyssey due to her connections to the main characters and the focus on her situation within her household. She is seen not only to demonstrate an unwavering commitment to Odysseus but also to embody power and cunning in a misogynistic society. Because of this, her role extends beyond waiting for Odysseus and morphs into a role that allows her to shape her narrative and control her own story whilst simultaneously fitting into the poem's themes. Penelope’s role and significance in the plot and themes of the Odyssey can be viewed through her cunning and strategic actions.
Most people today fill up their car with different qualities of petrol, because that's what the average car takes. They don't usually consider an alternative for the petrol that they load into their cars. Although petrol is widely used, it is not the only source for a car to get its power from; diesel and electricity are alternatives to the general petrol used by most cars. Although different from each other, diesel and electricity are alternatives to the average gasoline received at a gas station. Diesel is a more concentrated type of fuel that is usually used by big automobiles because they require a lot of power in a little amount of time. Electricity is a method that uses the power of batteries to produce a low horsepower but, nevertheless fast automobile. Electric cars are generally created to be soundless and environment friendly. The purpose of this paper is to classify and educate the reader of the different types of fuel available for an automobile to use: petrol, diesel, and electricity. The general petrol, used by most people, is usually the only type of fuel accepted on the average car in the United States today.
Many vehicles in fleets operated by companies or government organizations are assigned to routes that could easily be handled by today’s electric vehicles. The driving distance for electric vehicles will become longer as advanced types of batteries, fuel cells, hybrid systems and other technologies continue to be developed. Costs for charging an electric vehicle will depend on the time of day the owner charges the vehicle, the utility rates, and the type of the electric vehicle. What’s almost certain is that people will pay substantially less than you pay to refuel a gasoline-powered car. The average monthly fuel cost for a typical electric vehicle driver is expected to be less than $15, compared to $50 for gasoline.
There is no doubt that electric cars are the most appealing from of transportation in the world. They provide two of the most important key points of good transportation: reliable and efficient. They are reliable due to their simplicity of their power trains and the advancement of technology they have. They are efficient because they don't use any gasoline and because their motors can pass the zero-emission standard. Even though they may seem like a boring form of transportation, they offer good features that help keep the Earth's air clean and they help reduce pollution.
In this case study I will be discussing advantages and disadvantages of electric cars. Electric cars are cars that are powered by electricity. Electric vehicles are an important part of cutting emissions and reducing global warming. The battery of an electric car stores electrical energy. The electric motor is coupled to the wheels through gears; it converts 59-60% of electrical energy into the wheels. The battery runs the motor which allows the car to move. Electric cars are necessary as they will save money, because electricity is cheaper than gas. Also electric vehicles will help reduce global warming and pollution. However, some people say that electric cars still have environmental costs. The electricity used to recharge EV batteries has to come from somewhere in the world, and now, most electricity is generated by burning fossil fuels. Although electric vehicles are classified as green cars, purists will not appreciate the toxicity of the batteries.
Hybrid cars are already a well-accepted part of the landscape but many other radical new technologies have been launched or are under development that will revolutionise travel in the cities of the future. Solar-powered buses and trains that obviate the need to build new tracks by straddling existing highways are two of the more eye-catching projects in the
"Costs and Benefits of Electric Vehicles: A 2010 Perspective." Journal of Transport Economics and Policy 37.1 (2003): 1-28. Web. DeGunther, Rik. Alternative Energy for Dummies.
We all use vehicles for transportation. People usually go to their desired destination either by driving their own cars or traveling in public transportation. Actually, it might be tough to choose that which one is the best selection for people to travel. Many people choose one of them according to their comfort while traveling and both of them have advantages and disadvantages in different conditions. Public transportation and driving own car both shares differences and similarities in many aspects, such as facility, cost, and comfort as well as traffic jam and accident occurrence.