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Eightfold path and six virtues of theravada
Eightfold path and six virtues of theravada
The Eightfold Path and the 5 Precepts
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When analyzing a government policy paper for validity, several factors should be taken into consideration. First, I will start by searching for the main problem. Moreover, I will be using Bardach’s approach to an effective problem solving which he calls The Eightfold Path. The Eightfold Path consists of the following steps: defining the problem, assembling some evidence, constructing the alternatives, selecting the criteria, projecting the outcomes, confronting the trade-offs, deciding, and finally telling the story. The steps mentioned above are helpful in terms of determining the validity of a certain document. Yet, they are not exclusively important in every problem. According to Bardach, these steps are not necessarily taken in precisely …show more content…
A strong evidence is mostly an evidence that is derived from a scientific/scholarly based research. A well-researched paper allows legislators to better inform their decisions. Furthermore, the evidence provided should consult both documents and people as well. Consulting people leads to documents and vice versa. Indeed, a wide range of information can be gathered from people and documents to enrich the contents of the policy paper.
Statistics can be manipulated in various ways. However, a careful reader should be able to detect the manipulations and think beyond them. One can read beyond statistical manipulation through well-researching the author’s previous publications. Reading the past publications for an author allows the reader to determine whether the writer is supporting his/her agenda by manipulating the statistics.
According to Bardach, data include all sorts of statistics but go well beyond statistics, too. Data also include, for instance, facts about an agency manager’s ability to deal constructively with the press (Bardach, 11). Therefore, one can search for a credible source of data as a way of looking beyond statistical manipulation. However, statistical manipulations can strengthen a writer’s agenda through capturing the validity of generalizations or normalizing
Although the scientific use of anthropometrics in not abused in modern day society, scientists still incorrectly draw conclusions from data and statistics. Many statically fallacies occur where scientists will try and bend the statistics to prove their own personal opinion. For example, a scientist may deem his new invention or product to be 100% successful, but it could have only been tested 5 times. Even though the abuse of anthropometrics has been abandoned, scientific data abuse is still apparent in modern day
She establishes her ethos in several distinct ways. Firstly, the article is written for the Boston Globe, a renowned newspaper that has established itself as a major source for both news and editorials. This shows that the article had prominence from the moment it was published. The author can also use her credentials (refer to paragraph 3) to build on the ethos of the article. In detailing statistics from credible sources (including MIT and UC Berkeley), the rhetor grows her already present credibility to establish a sense of trust with the reader. This allows the rhetor to speak gallantly without being questioned about misinformation or unreliable
Joel Best’s Damned Lies and Statistics is a book all about recognizing statistics that are legitimate and others that are really quite horrible. The goal of this book is not that the average every day person be able to read a statistical table from a scholarly journal, but rather that anyone could personally value a statistic he or she may come across in a newspaper article or on a news program. Best was essentially effective in achieving his goal; however, he was effective to the point of overdoing his job of showing that there are bad statistics which give readers cause to evaluate them outside of hearing them on the news.
Taking these three points that I have discussed thus far, it is no wonder why I feel that print media is a far better source of obtaining accurate information. It is difficult to find glitter and flash on paper, therefore the meat must come from the facts. Unlike electronic media, with all their flash and glitter, whose focus is to find something that, the public would enjoy watching so that they can achieve their goals of ratings and profit. Because “…There’s No Business, But Show Business” (Postman, 98)
In developing a policy people need to recognize a problem, the concern can be of natural disaster, unsafe workplace, or the cost of medical insurance; all these function as distressers to people. To take control of the problem, the society needs to recognize that the government can and should attain to the problem and solve the public’s concern (N.A., 2015). The policymaking process starts off with Policy Formulation Phase which consists of the critical first step in policymaking which is Agenda setting; this process describes the steps by which particular problems, possible solutions and political circumstances emerge (Longest, 2010). The problems as previously stated are society concerns of natural disaster, unsafe workplace, and the cost of medical insurance, to name a few. As a society initiates a problem, there should be a possible solution or alternative solutions to move the processes into Political Circumstances. In the process of a problem and a solution being finalized, it will not be sufficient en...
As mentioned earlier relevance evidence refers to any material fact or evidence that make the existence of a issue more probable than it would without facts. When evidence has been offered and a determination has been made to include it due to passing constitutional test and did not violated collection procedures, the supporter of the evidence will have to demonstrate the materiality, competency, and relevancy of same(Britz, 2008, p.273). The relevancy of an item evaluates the materiality of the item and its probative value.
Public policies are developed in response to the existence of a perceived problem or an opportunity. The analysis delves into a public issue or problem and assesses a set of proposed government action for addressing the issue. The job of the analyst is to describe the background and status of an issue and then, using research and analysis, determine a proper government action to resolve the issue. By comparing options and weighing their expected benefits, the analyst should conclude with a recommended course of action or inaction to addressing the issue.
Bonila, Denise M., and Levy, Beth, Eds. The Power of the Press. H. W. Wilson, 1999.
In the essay the author gives an example that “In 1945, an ingenious atomic physicist Willard Frank Libby and his students at the University of Chicago suggested that measuring the presence of a rare isotope of carbon might help date archaeological remains”(Aci, 24). Using evidence is very persuasive as it makes the reader see the author as knowledgeable and the argument as more logical or reliable. The author uses evidence to persuade the readers to accept his claim. By using evidences the author also gives a claim foundation to his arguments, and makes his writing more than a bare
That alone provides a great source of credibility to the paper. The idea that this is an author who has done the research, gathered the numbers, and analyzed the data, allows the reader to rest in the idea that they are reading a valid article, and receiving good, hard, evidence. Twenge also uses a very logical tone throughout her article, maintaining the idea that the data is as clear as day, and that there is no disproving it; the numbers show true facts.
However on the other hand, for all advantages; there are disadvantages. In some instances when people utilize and manipulate data, they may knowingly falsify data so that it may adhere to ones beliefs or theories. In addition there are people who may deliberately tamper with information as well. When collecting information, there must be neutrality when assessing and collecting data. In addition, professional competence and integrity must be superior and finally, all research subjects or respondents must be safeguarded from potential harm and sabotage.
...en Goldachre. (2011). The statistical error that just keeps on coming. Available: http://www.guardian.co.uk/. Last accessed 10/12/2011.
-The first step of the policy-making process involves recognizing that a certain issue is a problem that requires further attention from the government -It is important to the policymaking process because it is the trigger for the initiation of the entire process. There is no need for policy development in the absence of a problem. It also helps set the government agenda by helping them know what they are setting out to achieve. The main dilemma in this step is that problems that require government attention are often numerous and the resources available are not sufficient to solve all of them. Thus, the government has to prioritize the problems which can be a challenging task -This step involves researching and analysing the policy problem
2.1.6 Public Policy The practices of public policy are complex (de Leon & Vogenbeck, 2007; Sabatier, 2007) and are based on a system which comprises of the course of action, legal submissions, regulatory procedures and funding structures. These are related to the specific subjects supported by a government organization or its representatives (Kilpatrick, 2000). Each system is affected by different public problems and issues and hence requires different solutions and variations in public policy (Vargas-Hernandez et al, 2011). Public problems can emerge in various ways and necessitate different policy responses at local, national or international levels (Sharkansky & Hofferbert, 1969).
...rue and lie. It depends on how it is used, collected and analyzed. Therefore, readers should understand what reliable statistics are. Yet, statistics are very important for researchers, scientists, students, employers and individuals to make decisions as well as to evidence any claims or scientific theories.