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Erikson's psychosocial development stages
Essay on erikson's stages of psychosocial development
Erikson's psychosocial development stages
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The preschooler child displays a variety of physical, cognitive, and social abilities that are quite unlike any other age group. To understand this development fully one must first understand how humans come into being. All human life begins with the single interaction of sperm and ovum. This simple collision springs forth new life. One cell becomes two, two cells become four, and so on throughout the organism’s life span. The human life experience is broken down into nine periods of development. These include: the Prenatal Period ranging from conception to birth, Infancy and Toddlerhood ranging from birth to three years, Early Childhood or Preschool ranging from three to six years, Middle Childhood ranging from six to 12 years, Adolescence This period of development refers to how the child reacts with others and the environment there in. This type of social development if further broken down into Erikson’s theory, gender roles, new relationships, and types of play. A preschool child is in Erikson’s initiative versus guilt stage in relation to psychosocial development. (Feldman, 2011, p.248) Psychosocial refers to the changes in the individuals’ understanding of others and themselves. In taking the initiative these children become autonomous and turn away from their parents. Guilt on the other hand can result in the shamming of the child. A caregiver must be careful as to which perspective he or she enforces, initiative being the better option. This stage relates to self-concept of the child, rather how the child views themselves. Often a preschooler will overestimate their abilities. (Feldman, 2011, p.248) Ella believed that her artwork was amazing and Kyle believed he could throw the farthest. Both of these actions were expressed vocally. This is strongly influenced by culture. Some cultures will encourage their children to be independent where as others will requires total control. These young preschool children will also began to develop gender roles. They are able to identify the same sex child and will often gravitate toward them. Males will typically engage in rougher play around age three whereas females will engage in role playing and organized play around the age of two. (Feldman, 2011, p.251) Ella was drawing a picture with other girls, a calmer activity. Kyle was rougher in his play by throwing the dolls of the top of the doll house. These roles are largely shaped by society’s expectations of the particular gender. (Feldman, 2011, p.251) Males are expected to exhibit independence, forcefulness, and competitiveness. Females on the other hand, are typically
People change over time, and no past history sets the future in stone. Developmentalists divide life into different segments based on age known as growth stages (Berger, 2009). Each stage affects the others causing development at every stage to build upon the other (Berger, 2009). Development does not follow a straight line, it instead moves up and down, back and forth, and it moves at different speeds (Berger, 2009). Although there are several theories of development, and it would be remiss to subscribe to only one; however for the purpose of this paper, I will focus on Erik Erikson’s Theory of Initiative versus Guilt; Industry versus Inferiority; and Identity versus Role Confusion. I also prefer to take an eclectic approach in the application of counseling theories and techniques; however for the purpose of this paper I will utilize three different therapies for each stage of development.
Autonomy vs. shame and doubt is Erikson's second stage of development occurs between the first and third years in life. During this stage children learn to be independent by mastering tasks such as feeding a dressing themselves. If children do not develop autonomy during this stage they will doubt their ability and develop a sense of shame. I lived in one foster home from the time I was one and a half to the time my parents adopted me at age three. I believe that I developed during this stage just as well if not better than children who are biological or who are adopte...
Middle childhood brings many changes to a child’s life. Middle childhood is the developmental phase that leads from the period before commencement of the physiological processes and changes associated with puberty ...
In brain science today, there are four noteworthy perceived child rearing styles: legitimate, careless, lenient, and tyrant. Every one conveys diverse qualities and realizes distinctive responses in the kids which they are utilized on. It is essential to remember that each guardian tyke relationship is diverse, so there is not one beyond any doubt fire approach to child rearing. Analysts have found four sorts of child rearing styles. Actually, research has uncovered that child rearing styles can impact a tyke 's social, cognitive, and mental development, which influences kids both in the adolescence years, and as a grown-up. This is on account of kids growing through various jolts, connection, and trade, which encompass them. The way that folks
Papalia, Diane E, Sally W. Olds, and Ruth D. Feldman. A Child's World: Infancy Through Adolescence. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill, 2004. Print. The author is a child development and psychology professor. This is an anthology with strictly objective information. The content is broken down into physical, cognitive, and psychosocial developments of different stages of childhood.
From the perspective I have at this stage in my journey in the early childhood education field, I would like to share what I have come to value and believe in regards to early learning and care by looking at my philosophy statement. To begin we will look at the statement and highlight three key features and find out why they are important to me, then we will see what they will look like in my practice, and lastly we will examine these ideas closely by looking at where they originated. By taking an in-depth look at my philosophy statement we will better understand the motivation behind my practice which I hope to continue to refine and refresh as I gain more knowledge and experience.
Though both genders seem to spend the same amount playing, boys and girls differ in several aspects of play. Girls tend to engage in more socio-dramatic play that includes higher levels of play sequence than boys. Girls also play in a more scripted way with toys. (Cherney & Dempsey, 2010; Cherney, Kelly-Vance, Glover, Ruane & Ryalls, 2003) Both play sequence and scripted play determine play complexity therefore the intricacy of play depends on the gender of the toy.
Self-criticism and guilt are also common at this age, as the child feels that they may not fulfil expectations of those they value, especially if initiative is dismissed or discouraged (Hill, Hall & Glew, 2017). Erikson’s theory states that ‘purpose’ is the virtue that comes from a balance between the initiative and guilt (McLeod, 2017). Early childhood is a time when children venture away from their parents for longer periods of time often attending day care or preschool as is Jack in this scenario. Children at this stage of development enjoy social interaction, ’playing with’ rather than playing next to peers, the cooperation and companionship they learn during this play will be of benefit to them when they enter the realms of school and adolescence. Paulus (2015) explains that during this development stage children some children are also developing empathy and can understand when someone is hurt and will often comfort them. The theory of Erikson views social influences, skills and attitudes as crucial to the developing child to understand themselves as members of society. Social development is an essential element to the growing child and can be negatively or positively affected by many
Colette Tayler (2015) describes the first eight years of a child’s life as years of
The first stage in Erikson’s psychosocial theory is the Trust vs. Mistrust stage. This stage is from birth to about one year of age. This is the time when an infant child learns to depend on another for affection, comfort, and nutrition eventually learning to blindly trust the primary caregivers to provide these things (Cooper, 1998). When the infants needs are met, then the infant develops a specific attachment with their caregiver, if the outcome is negative then the infant learns to mistrust the people around them and the environment that they are in. This brings us to the next stage in psychosocial
Since the beginning of time, fathers have had a profound effect on their child’s development. Over the years, the norm for traditional family dynamics of having a father figure in the household has changed drastically, and so did the roles of the parents. It is not as common as it used to be to have a father or father figure in the home. In this day and age, women are more likely to raise children on their own and gain independence without the male assistance due to various reasons. The most significant learning experience and development of a person’s life takes place in their earlier years when they were children. There are many advantages when there is a mother and father combined in a
Being a parent comes with a lot of responsibility and difficult decision making. You always have your child's best interest at heart, but sometimes your child may disagree with the rules you have set down. That is why, I believe, the perfect parenting style is democratic. You can compromise with your child, but still have basic rules you want them to follow, without them feeling targeted or that you are being unfair. When i become a parent, I want to make sure my children have guidelines. I want them to be able to make their own mistakes and learn from them. Their health, their type of entertainment and the toys they play with are three major, broad categories that I would like to have a say in, along with their input of course.
From a very early age, children experience many different stages of life until they become fully-functioning adults with distinguished personalities. Throughout each stage of a child’s life, different socialization agents play a pivotal role in his or her development and transition into adulthood. Throughout this essay, I will discuss what socialization is, as well as implying socialization in terms of the connection between biological development of the individual and individuals learning the norms and customs of society. Furthermore, to accomplish this task, I will describe the four key agents of socialization (family, school, peers, and mass media). I then aim for the audience to comprehend the difference between socialization during other
Before learning about early childhood in this class I never realized all the way children at such a young age are developing. From the second part of this course I learned how much children are developing at the early childhood stage. I never realized children learn how about their emotions, having empathy, and self-concept at such a young age. I thought children had it easy. They play with friends, start school, and just be kids. One important thing that stood out to me in this chapter is that children’s self-esteem starts at this stage. According to Berk (2012), “self-esteem is the judgments we make about our own worth and the feelings associated with those judgments (p. 366)”. Self-esteem is very important for a child to have and it can
...preschool years they will learn to initiate and carry out tasks based on experience or exposure to those tasks. Interactions with parents, teachers, peers, and other adults are important in a child's life. These relationships actually shape the brain and lay the foundation for later developmental outcomes, from academic performance to mental health and interpersonal skills.