INTRODUCTION
Background of the Study
Hypercholesterolemia, which is a specific type of hyperlipidemia and characterized by excessively high plasma cholesterol level, is a strong risk contributor for many cardiovascular diseases, particularly atherosclerosis (Stapleton et al., 2010). The by-products of cholesterol cause the stiffening of the arteries by forming a thick tough deposit on their inner walls, leading to the starvation of the heart with blood by making the flow of blood stop entirely (Thomas et al., 2007). As a result of unfavorable dietary habits and a relatively sedentary lifestyle over the last few decades, cases of lifestyle-related disorders including hyperlipidemia, and consequently, atherosclerosis rose significantly (Grundy, 2004).
In the Philippines, according to the 2008 National Nutrition Survey of the Food and Nutrition Research Institute, 31.3 percent of 7,700 Filipinos polled had borderline high to high cholesterol levels (Tarra, 2012). Moreover, cardiovascular diseases are the leading cause of death in both developed and developing countries, being responsible for almost 20% of total mortality around the world (Thomas et al., 2007).
Because of their prevalence, hypercholesterolemia and its associated cardiovascular diseases represent one of the greatest worldwide economic, social and medical challenges that the whole world is facing right now. Today, a range of synthetic drugs for hypercholesterelomia is available in the market. However, due to the presence of possible side effects of these drugs such as risk of diabetes, potential muscle damage and although more rarely, the occurrence of liver injury (U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 2014), along with the increased efficacy and practicality of variou...
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What Your Cholesterol Levels Mean. (2013, November 12). The American Heart Association. Retrieved February 1, 2014, from http://www.heart.org/HEARTORG/Conditions/Cholesterol/AboutCholesterol/What-Your-Cholesterol-Levels-Mean_UCM_305562_Article.jsp
Ping, K. Y., Darah, I., Chen, Y., Sreeramanan, S., & Sasidharan, S. (2013). Acute and Subchronic Toxicity Study of Euphorbia hirta L. Methanol Extract in Rats. BioMed Research International, 2013, 14. Retrieved January 30, 2014, from http://www.hindawi.com/journals/bmri/2013/182064/cta/
Zakaria, Z., Ahmad, Z., Somchit, M. N., Arifah, A. K., Khairi, H. M., Sulaiman, M. R., et al. (2010). Antihypercholesterolemia property and fatty acid composition of mardi-produced virgin coconut oils. African Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, 4(9), 636-644. Retrieved January 24, 2014, from http://www.academicjournals.org/ajpp
WebMD. (2005-2014). Heart Disease Health Center. Retrieved on March 2014 from world wide web at http://www.webmd.com/heart-disease/guide/heart-disease-heart-attacks
The purpose of this report is to explore the controversial dispute between the quality of two different forms of fish oil supplementation; Triglyceride (TG) and Ethyl Ester (EE). Fish oil can be implemented into a diet by eating either fish or taking supplements. Fish oil is extracted from selected fish that contain highly beneficial healthy oils known as omega-3 fatty acids, two of the most important omega-3 fatty acids that are found in fish oil are Docosahexaenoic Acid (DHA) and Eicosapentaenoic Acid (EPA). Some of these fish that contain healthy omega-3 fatty acids include Tuna, Salmon, Mackerel, Herring, Anchovy’s etc. Fish oil supplementation also often contains small amounts of vitamin E to prevent spoilage and is can be combined with various other minerals and vitamins. There is an array of benefits that are involved when implementing fish oil into a diet; although it’s most common association is that it has been linked to slightly lowering blood pressure or triglyceride levels (fats linked to cholesterol). Although fish oil is recommended for persons with high blood pressure, it’s extremely important to remember that it is only to be taken at recommended dosages as it can ironically increase the chances of stroke when overdosing on the supplement. The scope of this report includes a general comparison between TG and EE fish oil supplements and how they are chemically differentiated, with a focus on how the quality of the two forms of supplement are processed. This report will not focus on other forms of fish oil sources and the impact it might have on irreversible factors such as age, gender, genetics, race/culture or environmental conditions.
It was to this respect that, the search could detect ‘’hypertension’’ as the leading risk factor for heart disease. And this preceded three quarters of heart failures cases as compared to coronary artery disease, which led to most heart failures in less than 40% of the cases. Also, an increase in left ventricular end-diastolic diameter became a mirror to the Framingham study as incident heart diseases in the individuals who are free from myocardial infarction. Although studies have shown that, the manifestation of heart failures can be present without the left ventricular systolic dysfunction, other risk factors could lead to that. Also, they (Framingham study) were able to detect ‘’too much of cholesterol’’ as a link to cardiovascular diseases. Moreover, research believed that has elevated among certain heart diseases such as coronary heart often leads to stroke, too high blood pressure among numerous patients. Having said that, the search discovered ‘’obesity’’ also as a concomitantly with hypertension which elevates lipids and diabetes versus questions on smoking behavior. Having said that, these risk factors are believed to have attributed to heart diseases. Therefore, it became a national concern to the general US population and that of the fourth director of Framingham heart study, William Castelli
Hypercholesterolemia is the presence of high levels of cholesterol in the blood. Cholesterol is a waxy fat-like substance and is a major class of lipid, so it gets into the blood by lipoproteins [1]. A high level of lipoproteins is unhealthy. A high level can result in an elevated risk of atherosclerosis and coronary heart disease [2]. The high levels of lipoproteins are often influenced by a combination of genetic and environmental factors such as obesity or dieting habits [2]. High cholesterol can be caused by mutations in the following genes: APOB, LDLR, LDLRAP1, and PCSK9 [3]. Mutations in the LDLR gene are responsible for causing familial hypercholesterolemia, which is the most commonly seen form of inherited high cholesterol [3]. The LDLR gene contains instructions for making LDL receptors or low-density lipoprotein receptors. LDL receptors play critical roles in regulating levels of cholesterol in the blood by removing low-density lipoproteins from the bloodstream. Mutations in the LDLR gene can make the amount of LDL receptors produced less than normal or affect their job of removing the low-density lipoproteins in the blood [4]. People who have these mutations will have higher levels of cholesterol. There are many ways that the environment can affect the levels of cholesterol in the blood. Reducing the amount of dietary fat you consume lowers the total amount of cholesterol in the blood [5]. Sucrose and fructose can raise the amount of LDL in the blood. Reducing fatty foods will however lower the amount of LDL [5]. Having a healthy body and maintaining physical exercise plays a key role in keeping your cholesterol at a healthy level. If you are overweight or obese you can lower your cholesterol levels by simply losing ...
...on and forms an inhibitory complex with caveolin-1 leads to decrease in activity of enzyme in the cells. Transcription of Cav-1 gene is regulated by cholesterol responsive elements. Exposure of fibroblast and endothelial cells to free cholesterol and LDL Cholesterol was found to up regulate Cav-1 expression. Ca+2 mobilizing agents cause disinhibiton of e NOS by promoting Ca+2/Calmodulin triggered dissociation of Cav-1.
Heart Failure Overview WebMD Reviewed by Thomas M. Maddox, MD on May 28, 2012 http://www.webmd.com/heart-disease/heart-failure/heart-failure-overview
Nordqvist, C. (2013, November 20). What is Weight Watchers? What are the benefits of Weight Watchers? ADDENDUM TABLE 2 TO WEIGHT WATCHERS DIET. Retrieved from Medical News Today: http://www.medicalnewstoday.com
Since 1960 the age-adjusted mortality rates for cardiovascular disease (CVD) has declined steadily in the U.S. due to multiple factors, but still remains one of the primary causes of morbidity and premature mortality worldwide. Greater control of risk factors and improved treatments for cardiovascular disease has significantly contributed to this decline (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2011). In the U.S. alone it claims approximately 830,000 each year and accounts for 1/6 of all deaths under the age of 65 (Weiss and Lonnquist, 2011). Based on the 2007 mortality rate data an average of 1 death every 37 seconds is due to cardiovascular disease (Lloyd-Jones et al., 2009). Controlling and reducing risk factors is crucial for saving lives. There are a number of contributing risk factors for cardiovascular disease, which may appear in the form of hereditary, behavioral, and psychological, all of which ultimately converge in social or cultural factors.
"Symptoms and Diagnosis of Heart Attack." American Heart Association Symptoms and Diagnosis of Heart Attack. American Heart Association, 22 Mar. 2013. Web. 29 Mar. 2014.
Cardiovascular disease is currently the nation’s leading non-communicable cause of morbidity and mortality. According to the American Heart Association, the most common form of cardiovascular disease is coronary artery disease, a condition in which the heart’s blood supply is reduced due to a narrowing of the coronary arteries. These arteries play a significant role in regulating the flow of oxygenated blood to the heart. As blood circulates through the arteries, it exerts a force against the vessel walls, known as blood pressure. To withstand this pressure, elastic fibers interspersed along the artery walls allow the arteries to expand and recoil. Abnormally high blood pressure, however, will cause these muscles to thicken as a result of tears in the damaged artery walls trapping particles that aggregate as plaque. Progressive build-up of plaque ultimately leads to a narrowing of the arteries, subsequently diminishing blood flow to the heart and other body organs. This cascade of events triggered by high blood pressure illustrates why hypertension is one of the most important risk factors for cardiovascular disease. Affecting 1 in every 3 adults in the United States alone, hypertension substantially raises the risk for heart disease in an affected individual who, most likely, does not show any signs or symptoms. In addition to the risks associated with this “silent killer,” comorbidities such as obesity, diabetes, and high cholesterol can drastically worsen health outcomes in hypertensive patients. Given the high prevalence and severe consequences of hypertension if undetected, researching this particular topic will increase our understanding of the causes of hypertension by identifying and narrowing down lead candidates for pot...
Six moths ago I scheduled a physical and blood work, a month later I was diagnosed with high cholesterol. My total cholesterol levels were at 250, with and LDL of 150, which puts me at a higher risk of cardiovascular illness. I was given the option of changing my eating habits with a combination of exercise to manage and lower my cholesterol levels, thus avoiding the need for medication. The dr. was very supportive, he had many helpful suggestions and showed me several ways in which I could lower my cholesterol by making simple food choices. After a long discussion I decided this was the way to go, I hate taking medication. When I reviewed the analysis report and saw that my cholesterol continues to be above the recommended range I let out a huge sigh, it took a few seconds to compose myself before I continued to look over it. This whole time I thought I had maintained my cholesterol under control, the analysis report proved that I was wrong. It is important that I make changes on how I eat. High cholesterol is indicative of cardiovascular illnesses that possibly result in serious chronic diseases. Diseases that are linked to high cholesterol are Coronary heart disease, peripheral vascular disease, diabetes and high blood pressure. The main risk from cholesterol is heart attacks. If the cholesterol remains high, it can build up overtime in the walls of the arteries forming a build up known as plaque. This plaque will cause the arteries
The Omega-3's are widely recognized for their role in heart health. Not only do these fatty acids help healthy hearts, they also benefit those with cardiovascular disease. Research has proved atherosclerotic plaque reduces with consistent consumption of omega-3's. Further, incidences of irregular heartbeats decline with these fatty acids; high blood pressure has been known to slightly drops as well.
The Web. The Web. 22 Jan. 2014. http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/high-blood-pressure/basics/definition/con-20019580>. High cholesterol levels in the body.
The tendency to build up high cholesterol may run in families, but extremely high levels are usually the result of a poor diet high in saturated fats and calories, along with little or no exercise. In some cases, high levels of cholesterol may be associated with undiagnosed medical symptoms such as diabetes or low thyroid function. According to the American Heart Association, there would eventually be a 50 percent lower rate of heart disease if Americans would lower their blood cholesterol levels by 25 percent. These statements find confirmation in a 1984 report done by the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institution on the results of a 10 year study. It showed that for every 1 percent of lowered cholesterol, the chances of a heart attack are lowered by 2 percent.
American often fail to understand the health factors caused by sugar added products. One commonly overlooked health issue caused by sugar added products is cardiovascular risk. The amount of dietary consumption must be accompanied by appropriate amount of daily exercise than weight gain is heightened. Adults who consume sugar added drinks daily are exposed to hypertension along with coronary heart disease. In addition, hypertension may lead to heart attack. Yet, coronary heart disease occurs from plaque building within arteries. The plaque buildup narrows the pathway through blood for fluent blood flow. Due to influent blood flow, the heart receives insufficient amounts of blood. This issue is linked to heart attacks caused by lack of blood received by the heart. Typically, consuming water is imperative for survival verses drinking soft drinks after every meal. However, American companies continue to add sugar into societies daily diet in relations to people craving sweets. Unfortunately added sweeteners such as corn syrup is less expensive than cane sugar causing companies to insure worse unhealthy diets. Furthermore, individuals fail to consider their eating habits, which causes multiple