As stated above, the overall goal of these experiments is to better understand the inhibition of EBV from the latent to the lytic phase, as caused by Clozapine. Experiments will be performed using many different cell culture lines, two of which are HH514-15 and B95-8. The HH514-16 Burkitt lymphoma B cell line is a human tumor cell line; a subclone of the P3J-HR1K Burkitt lymphoma cell line. The B95-8 cell line is a primate cell line, infected with EBV. Cells are cultured in RPMI 1640 containing 8% fetal bovine serum, penicillin, streptomycin, and amphotericin. The cells will be grown at 37℃ under 5% carbon dioxide. Quality and quantity of cells will be measured using a hemocytometer, by counting the number of alive and dead cells under a microscope and also noting shape, size, and arrangement. …show more content…
Experiments with HH514-16 cell line will include NaB as a positive control, a compound known to promote the reactivation of the lytic cycle (3). In the B95-8 cell line, 12-O-Tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) is the positive control. All experiments will include an untreated sample as the negative control. Experiments will also include VPA; a control for EBV inhibition, to then compare the degree of Clozapine inhibition. After drugs have been added, samples are placed in the incubator for 48 hours. After 48 hours, cells were spun into pellets and some cell media was removed and saved for amino acid analysis of changes in composition. Cell pellets and cell media are then frozen and stored at
Pharmaceuticals have examined and found to ”work by changing the biological functions of the target cells in the body through chemical agents“ (Doweiko, 2015, p. 16). ”Many people in the past have thought that drugs that
Testing of Intercellular Material for DNA through Agarose Electrophoresis Purpose: The purpose of this lab was to determine whether or not DNA was actually extracted in the prior week’s experiment, in which E. Coli bacteria’s was lysed and through a series of chemical extractions it’s inner contents were harvested. Methods: 4.5 mL E.Coli EDTA suspension pipetted into a conical tube. After this, 0,25 mL lysosome solution was put inside the same tube. Both were incubated at 37°C for a few minutes. Once out of the incubator, 0.5 mL of 10% SDS was added.
Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) is a virus that attacks the liver. The virus is transmitted through blood and bodily fluids. This can occur through direct blood-to-blood contact, unprotected sex, use of contaminated needles, and from an effected mother to her newborn during the delivery process. The majority of people do not have noticeable symptoms when they are first infected with the HBV. People who do not know they are infected with the HBV, their body can respond in different ways. I learned that some of the common symptoms of Hepatitis B infection include fever, fatigue, muscle or joint pain, loss of appetite, mild nausea, vomiting, and dark-colored urine. Some of the serious symptoms that require immediate medical attention and maybe even hospitalization are: severe nausea and vomiting, yellow eyes and skin (jaundice), bloated or swollen stomach.
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a severe and common virus that has infected ‘more than two billion people alive today at some point in their life.’1 It is a hepadanavirus that interferes with the liver functions as it replicates in the hepatocytes (liver cells) and induces a immune response that is responsible for the inflammation of liver.2 Viruses are not motile, which means that HBV is also sessile and does not form spores. The spherical virion, is called a Dane Particle3 that is 42nm in diameter binds to the surface of hepatocyte.1 The virion itself contains an inner protein core, 27nm thick filled with circular partially double stranded DNA, DNA polymerase and reverse transcriptase.1 It is an enveloped virus, so it also holds an outer lipoprotein envelope4 that is 7nm thick and is comprised of many embedded surface proteins such as surface antigen for viral binding and entry.1 HBV has an average incubation period of three months, which means that it does not start showing symptoms for the first three months that the person is infected and that person can unknowingly infect others.2 ...
Elodea is an anaerobic plant frequently utilized to understand and manage photosynthesis. Deciding to test the carbon dioxide different levels by setting two beakers containing the Elodea that should weigh roughly weigh between 1.5-2g and one beaker under the light. In the process we put the beakers in the appropriate spots for an hour, drops of phenolphthalein and of 0.02 mL of NaOH were included into every beaker then record the changes in carbon dioxide reproduction. It was presumed that the beaker with Elodea in 20 salt drops, would take more noteworthy measures by which decrease the carbon dioxide than the beaker with Elodea that had no salt. The Elodea that had 20 salt drops display no difference. The experiment gives us a better comprehension in regard to which circumstances does a plant undergo in the real world if it’s in high salt concentration.
The metabolic pathway being mediated by the CYP2C19, CYP3A, CYP2B6 and CYP1A2 enzymes. The maximum concentration with a single dose of 300mg loading dose is twice as high as it is after four days of 75mg maintenance dose which occurs approximately 30 to 60 minutes after dosing.
...his is also part of a series called pharmacodynamics. This includes both the positive and negative changes brought on by a drug. This study is important because when a drug is administered it must reach the target in the organism before it is excreted or altered by the detoxifying enzymes in the body. Most of these enzymes are located in the liver. Results from these tests have allowed for synthesis of new drugs with better chemistries, distributions, and toxicity profiles.
Viruses are genetic elements enclosed in protein. Although some consider them to be non-living, viruses are important biological entities because they have the capability of producing disease (Raven, 2010). One of the most common viruses in humans is the Epstein- Barr virus or abbreviated (EBV). Throughout this essay, the biology of the Epstein-Barr virus will be examined by discussing characteristics that are associated with this virus such as the process of infection and entry, viral replication, and consequences to the host cell.
Hepatitis B is a virus that attacks the liver. It can lay dormant for years with little to no symptoms or you can start having symptoms in as little as a few weeks. It can not only affect the liver, but also the oral cavity as well.
Instead, they are constantly cycled repeatedly between the plasma membrane and cytoplasmic compartments. This process is known as receptor internalization, and is vital in controlling the availability of the GABAA receptors on postsynaptic membrane. Normally this occurrence happens after drug withdrawal. This down regulation mechanism is dependent on the rate of endocytosis of the receptors and the level of GABAergic compounds in the synapses. Recycling happens when the receptors internalized are reinstated into the plasma membrane, post-, peri- or extra-synaptically. Those failed to be reinstated will be sent to lysosome for degradation and replaced with newly assembled complexes via secretory
Benzyl bromide, an unknown nucleophile and sodium hydroxide was synthesized to form a benzyl ether product. This product was purified and analyzed to find the unknown in the compound.
LAB REPORT 1st Experiment done in class Introduction: Agarose gel electrophoresis separates molecules by their size, shape, and charge. Biomolecules such as DNA, RNA and proteins, are some examples. Buffered samples such as glycerol and glucose are loaded into a gel. An electrical current is placed across the gel.
There are two traditional pathways known for metabolism purposes; phase one reaction, which involves oxidation, reduction, and hydrolysis. The phase two results include glucuronidation, acetylation, sulfation, and methylation. However, the arrangements do not conclusively define which drug metabolism reactions take place (Lee, Graeme Fincke, &Ren, 2001). The general purpose of all metabolic reactions is to convert lipophilic drugs into hydrophilic metabolites that are easy to excrete.
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) one of the numerous leading health complications which has shown chronic and limited hepatitis. Research shows that about 3.5 million people were diagnosed with HBV and out of that 3.5 million, 1 million of them died due to infection of the disease and other symptoms. When it comes to treating HBV, it is difficult because there has been no effective antiviral therapies. With recent accomplishments finding agents such as, indirect or direct therapy, these treatments have considerable side effects and are expensive. So with the housefly, Musca domestica, it is being researched to see whether if it has any anti HBV qualities.
We live in a time rapidly changing of the climate and the environment. Some viruses had become the most dangerous nonliving organisms in the world. They are small but their impacts are very deadfall, since most of virus diseases have no cure. However, one type of these dangerous diseases are the emerging viruses, which come by surprise, kill as much people as it can before it goes back to its hibernation. Emerging viral viruses are viruses that contain RNA as their genetic materials, therefore they can quickly adapt to any conditions they live in and that what makes them very dangerous. In addition, RNA viruses in general are dangerous, and the reason behind that is because of their genetic makeup. RNA as known are a single stranded nucleic acid, and it stands for ribonucleic acid, which is a nucleic acid present in all living cells. It's principal's role is