As stated above, the overall goal of these experiments is to better understand the inhibition of EBV from the latent to the lytic phase, as caused by Clozapine. Experiments will be performed using many different cell culture lines, two of which are HH514-15 and B95-8. The HH514-16 Burkitt lymphoma B cell line is a human tumor cell line; a subclone of the P3J-HR1K Burkitt lymphoma cell line. The B95-8 cell line is a primate cell line, infected with EBV. Cells are cultured in RPMI 1640 containing 8% fetal bovine serum, penicillin, streptomycin, and amphotericin. The cells will be grown at 37℃ under 5% carbon dioxide. Quality and quantity of cells will be measured using a hemocytometer, by counting the number of alive and dead cells under a microscope and also noting shape, size, and arrangement. …show more content…
Experiments with HH514-16 cell line will include NaB as a positive control, a compound known to promote the reactivation of the lytic cycle (3). In the B95-8 cell line, 12-O-Tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) is the positive control. All experiments will include an untreated sample as the negative control. Experiments will also include VPA; a control for EBV inhibition, to then compare the degree of Clozapine inhibition. After drugs have been added, samples are placed in the incubator for 48 hours. After 48 hours, cells were spun into pellets and some cell media was removed and saved for amino acid analysis of changes in composition. Cell pellets and cell media are then frozen and stored at
Benzyl bromide, an unknown nucleophile and sodium hydroxide was synthesized to form a benzyl ether product. This product was purified and analyzed to find the unknown in the compound.
Pharmaceuticals have examined and found to ”work by changing the biological functions of the target cells in the body through chemical agents“ (Doweiko, 2015, p. 16). ”Many people in the past have thought that drugs that
As a result, the laboratory experiment was determined to be successful and the two product samples obtained and completed calculations displayed that overall bromide was a stronger nucleophile as the chloride ion was more electronegative than bromide, which allowed it to hold electrons in closerE. In conclusion, since bromide is less electronegative and has more electrons, it was able to share the unpaired electrons more easily than chlorideA. These results were expected, as the alkyl bromide would be the major product of procedure A as it followed the SN2 mechanism which was based on nucleophile strength and the product from procedure B would be a near-equal mixture as it followed the SN1 reaction mechanismC. The methods used during this experiment allowed for a successful completion and determination of the better nucleophile, but other additions and observations would have been interesting and beneficial as well. A possible examination of the two sample products collected using pH tested values or observation of sample spotted chromatography paper under a
Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) is a virus that attacks the liver. The virus is transmitted through blood and bodily fluids. This can occur through direct blood-to-blood contact, unprotected sex, use of contaminated needles, and from an effected mother to her newborn during the delivery process. The majority of people do not have noticeable symptoms when they are first infected with the HBV. People who do not know they are infected with the HBV, their body can respond in different ways. I learned that some of the common symptoms of Hepatitis B infection include fever, fatigue, muscle or joint pain, loss of appetite, mild nausea, vomiting, and dark-colored urine. Some of the serious symptoms that require immediate medical attention and maybe even hospitalization are: severe nausea and vomiting, yellow eyes and skin (jaundice), bloated or swollen stomach.
Testing of Intercellular Material for DNA through Agarose Electrophoresis Purpose: The purpose of this lab was to determine whether or not DNA was actually extracted in the prior week’s experiment, in which E. Coli bacteria’s was lysed and through a series of chemical extractions it’s inner contents were harvested. Methods: 4.5 mL E.Coli EDTA suspension pipetted into a conical tube. After this, 0,25 mL lysosome solution was put inside the same tube. Both were incubated at 37°C for a few minutes. Once out of the incubator, 0.5 mL of 10% SDS was added.
Viruses are genetic elements enclosed in protein. Although some consider them to be non-living, viruses are important biological entities because they have the capability of producing disease (Raven, 2010). One of the most common viruses in humans is the Epstein- Barr virus or abbreviated (EBV). Throughout this essay, the biology of the Epstein-Barr virus will be examined by discussing characteristics that are associated with this virus such as the process of infection and entry, viral replication, and consequences to the host cell.
“This knowledge will help us design drugs that mimic the viral effects on these proteins to either activate a host’s immune response or shut it down,” said Dr. Michael Gale, associate ...
Elodea is an anaerobic plant frequently utilized to understand and manage photosynthesis. Deciding to test the carbon dioxide different levels by setting two beakers containing the Elodea that should weigh roughly weigh between 1.5-2g and one beaker under the light. In the process we put the beakers in the appropriate spots for an hour, drops of phenolphthalein and of 0.02 mL of NaOH were included into every beaker then record the changes in carbon dioxide reproduction. It was presumed that the beaker with Elodea in 20 salt drops, would take more noteworthy measures by which decrease the carbon dioxide than the beaker with Elodea that had no salt. The Elodea that had 20 salt drops display no difference. The experiment gives us a better comprehension in regard to which circumstances does a plant undergo in the real world if it’s in high salt concentration.
LAB REPORT 1st Experiment done in class Introduction: Agarose gel electrophoresis separates molecules by their size, shape, and charge. Biomolecules such as DNA, RNA and proteins, are some examples. Buffered samples such as glycerol and glucose are loaded into a gel. An electrical current is placed across the gel.
Hepatitis B is a virus that attacks the liver. It can lay dormant for years with little to no symptoms or you can start having symptoms in as little as a few weeks. It can not only affect the liver, but also the oral cavity as well.
Enzymes are necessary for life to exist the way it does. Enzymes help our bodies carry out chemical reactions at the correct speed. Catalase is one such enzyme, “Catalase is a common enzyme found in nearly all living organisms exposed to oxygen (such as bacteria, plants, and animals). It catalyzes the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide to water and oxygen”.\(Wikipedia). In other words catalase speeds up the breaking down of hydrogen peroxide, which is a byproduct of reactions in our body. Hydrogen peroxide is very common in our body but, “If it were allowed to build up it would kill us”(Matthey).This shows how necessary enzymes such as catalase to life. Without enzymes reactions that take place in our body could be affected greatly. In our
Instead, they are constantly cycled repeatedly between the plasma membrane and cytoplasmic compartments. This process is known as receptor internalization, and is vital in controlling the availability of the GABAA receptors on postsynaptic membrane. Normally this occurrence happens after drug withdrawal. This down regulation mechanism is dependent on the rate of endocytosis of the receptors and the level of GABAergic compounds in the synapses. Recycling happens when the receptors internalized are reinstated into the plasma membrane, post-, peri- or extra-synaptically. Those failed to be reinstated will be sent to lysosome for degradation and replaced with newly assembled complexes via secretory
There are two traditional pathways known for metabolism purposes; phase one reaction, which involves oxidation, reduction, and hydrolysis. The phase two results include glucuronidation, acetylation, sulfation, and methylation. However, the arrangements do not conclusively define which drug metabolism reactions take place (Lee, Graeme Fincke, &Ren, 2001). The general purpose of all metabolic reactions is to convert lipophilic drugs into hydrophilic metabolites that are easy to excrete.
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) one of the numerous leading health complications which has shown chronic and limited hepatitis. Research shows that about 3.5 million people were diagnosed with HBV and out of that 3.5 million, 1 million of them died due to infection of the disease and other symptoms. When it comes to treating HBV, it is difficult because there has been no effective antiviral therapies. With recent accomplishments finding agents such as, indirect or direct therapy, these treatments have considerable side effects and are expensive. So with the housefly, Musca domestica, it is being researched to see whether if it has any anti HBV qualities.
We live in a time rapidly changing of the climate and the environment. Some viruses had become the most dangerous nonliving organisms in the world. They are small but their impacts are very deadfall, since most of virus diseases have no cure. However, one type of these dangerous diseases are the emerging viruses, which come by surprise, kill as much people as it can before it goes back to its hibernation. Emerging viral viruses are viruses that contain RNA as their genetic materials, therefore they can quickly adapt to any conditions they live in and that what makes them very dangerous. In addition, RNA viruses in general are dangerous, and the reason behind that is because of their genetic makeup. RNA as known are a single stranded nucleic acid, and it stands for ribonucleic acid, which is a nucleic acid present in all living cells. It's principal's role is