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Stress effects on the body intro
Exercise and disease prevention
The effect of stress on the human mind and body
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Don’t Stress Out! Work Out!
Imagine any average day. You wake up, especially tired because you haven’t been sleeping well all week, perhaps grab your daily cup of coffee, head off to work in the middle of rush-hour, try to complete several projects that are due by the end of the week, and so on. Then again, in between each of those minor events you experience varying levels of stress and anxiety. Nonetheless, you are in company because according to the National Health Interview Survey, 75% of the American population undergoes at least some stress every couple of weeks. A study several years ago estimated that around 11 million Americans suffer from unhealthy levels of stress at work, and, unfortunately, today that number has more than tripled (http://www.stresscure.com/hrn/facts.html). Muscles tensing up, feeling short of breath and fast heartbeats are all indications of stress; which apparently many Americans experience daily. To release the strain, numerous people look to exercise as a way of “venting” or in other words, letting go of those feelings of tension. However, to best understand the reasons for exercise as a helpful outlet of stress, one must understand exactly what stress is, what causes it, how it effects the body, how to manage it, and then ways of establishing and motivating oneself to participate in frequent physical activity.
What Is Stress?
Stress is the body’s adaptive response to irregular changes that can either be short-term (acute) or long-term (chronic). It is an inevitable part of life for most everyone, however, it can be both beneficial and detrimental depending on the intensity and the nature of the stress. Life void of any stress would basically be dull and monotonous, but at...
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Brannon, Linda and Jess Feist. Health Psychology. Wadsworth/Thompson Learning: Stamford, CT, 2000. 113-5.
Brown, J.D., & Lawton, M. (1986). Stress and well-being in adolescence: the moderating role of physical exercise. Journal of Human Stress, 12(3), 125-31.
Brown, J.D., & Siegel, J.M. (1988). Exercise as a buffer of life stress: a prospective study of adolescent health. Health Psychology, 7(4), 341-53.
Holmes, D.S., & Roth, D.L. (1985). Influence of physical fitness in determining the impact of stressful life events on physical and psychologic health.
Psychosomatic Medicine, 47(2), 164-73.
Karlberg, J., Karlberg, P., Klackenber-Larsson, I., Lambert, W.W., and MacEvoy, B. (1987). The relation of stress hormone excretion to type A behavior and to
health. Journal of Human Stress, 13(3), 128-35.
Overall, there is an immense amount of research dedicated to understanding the psychobiological causes of phantom pain. A prevalent commonality between the literatures reviewed, suggested that symptoms of phantom pain are a neuro-psychobiological experience rather than a psychological disorder. This was evident by peripheral and central factors that associate the cause of phantom pain with the disruption of sensory nerve impulses due to the damage of sensory nerve fibers after amputation. As well as studies that demonstrated a positive correlation between progressive neuroplastic changes in the cortical reorganisation of the topographical structure in somatosensory cortex and worsening phantom limb pain, inferring that cortical reorganisation mediates the extent of pain experienced.
Increasing amount of research in recent years has added to developing knowledge of phantom limb pain (PLP). In this research proposal I aim to test the mirror therapy as an effective treatment in PLP. Phantom limb pain occurs in at least 90% of limb amputees. PLP may be stimulated by disconnection between visual feedback and proprioceptive representations of the amputated limb. Therefore, I will research both the neurobiology behind this phenomenon and whether illusions and/or imagery of movement of the amputated limb (mirror therapy) is effective in alleviating PLP of lower limbs. Mirror therapy has been used with noted success in patients who have had upper body amputation, but has not been determined in lower limb amputations. I would like to identify if form of treatment is equally effective in lower limb amputations. Yet, to consider mirror therapy as an effective means of treatment, one must understand PLP in its entirety. The main concern being if a limb is no longer attached to the body, how can neurons in the limb transport signals to the nervous system in order for the body to detect sensations? The biological significance of this project is to determine what occurs on the sensory level to cause PLP. Once that is discovered we can address whether or not mirror therapy is a plausible form of treatment.
As the fabulous Roaring Twenties came to an end, The Great Depression soon arrived, from the rapid expansion from the early twenties, to a devastating economic downturn, The Great Stock Market Crash of 1929 came as a shock to millions. During The Stock Market Crash many people suffered because this one major event in history crumbed America. While it appeared to be a total surprise to the people, the great crash was expected because, the Federal Reserve saw rising prices in early September, after World War I everyone spent money, and people put their whole life savings into stocks.
On Tuesday, October 29th, 1929, the crash began. (1929…) Within the first few hours, the price fell so far as to wipe out all gains that had been made the entire previous year. (1929…) This day the Dow Jones Average would close at 230. (1929…) Between October 29th, and November 13 over 30 billion dollars disappeared from the American economy. (1929…) It took nearly 25 years for many of the stocks to recover. (1929…)
The Stock Market crash of 1929 was a terrible event in American history, creating chaos and panic. The crash was caused by an overproduction and underconsumption of goods, and use of credit in the market. People would use credit to buy stocks, and could not afford to repay their loans. This created a failure among banks, overall affecting the nation as a whole. In October of 1929, the Stock Market crashed leading to billions lost in the market, sparking the great depression. ("Overproduction Seen as One of the Cause of Our Most Recent Crisis.")
To really understand why the crash occurred, some important facts must be known about the time period before it happened. The Roaring 20's was a time of success and prosperity. Some key things that happened were woman's rights, Prohibition, and industrial expansion. There was also huge production from World War I. Ford, GM, and Chrysler (aka Big 3) produced 80% of the cars in the U.S. The average income was up 20 percent. What many people don't know it that th...
Lutz, R. S., Stults-Kolehmainen, M. A., & Bartholomew, J. B. (2010). Exercise caution when stressed: Stages of change and the stress- exercise participation relationship. Psycology of Sport and Exercise, 11, 560-567.
Instant gratification is extremely evident in the poverty stricken population of the United States. Because of this, poverty has turned into a vicious cycle. How a parent acts influences how his or her child will act. The cycle continues. Although an individual makes the choice of instant gratification, society, through the actions ...
Phantom Limb Syndrome is when a patient has lost a limb, such as a body part (organs), an arm or leg, but can still feel the presents of the limb and is “able” to continue functions with the arm because of the presents of the phantom. This syndrome can be caused by losing a limb in a tragic accident or by being born without a limb or limbs. When people are born without the limb or limbs and have this syndrome it can be described as wishful thinking or by having a soul. Wishful thinking is where the person wishes that they have the syndrome but they actually do not even if they are showing the signs of having the syndrome. This sort of thinking can be shown in the case of John McGrath who was an arm amputee that had co...
Motta, R. W., Kuligowski, J. M., & Marino, D. M. (2010). The role of exercise in reducing childhood and adolescent PTSD, anxiety, and depression. Communique, 38(6), 24-26. Retrieved from http://readperiodicals.com/201003/2030175731.html
Reese, C.D. and Eidson, J.V. (1999). Handbook of OSHA construction safety and health. Boca Raton, FL. CRC Press
IDEA Fitness Journal. Exercise Decreases Risk of Depression in Kids. October 2004. April 4th, 2005. < http://pdfserve.galegroup.com/pdfserve/get_item/1/Scdbf1ew6
Several researches have revealed that physical exercise has relieved many people from symptoms of anxiety and depression. During physical activity and exercise, the body produces a type of chemical called “serotonin”, a chemical that aids while dealing with anxiety, stress and depression. Studies also have shown that people who participate in sports results in higher self- esteem and a more positive self- image. Many studies made conclusions that adolescents and students who take part in sports and physical activities tend to have positive and higher self esteem than students who do not play sports and often tend to result better in academic performances at school.
Life is full of troubles, demands, pressures and hassles—these are all factors related to stress. Stress is a state of mental or emotional tension resulting from adverse or difficult situations (Merriam-Webster). When you are in potential danger, your body responds with a “fight-or-flight” response to protect you from any harm. Situations like being robbed at gunpoint or studying last minute the night before the test can activate stress in your body. Although situations in life can increase stress, there are plenty of methods to diminish it. Methods like meditating, talking to family/friends, drinking tea, or even taking a quick nap--all of these methods are proven effective (The Franklin Institute). One method that is prominent to many is physical exercise. Exercise is considered to improve physical conditions and strength, but maintains mental fitness in the process. Although many assume that exercising is healthy, some may not be familiar of how it relieves stress in detail. In order to evaluate the effectiveness of exercise, the pros and cons must be considered. Some pros are: managing the levels of stress in your body, boosting your self-esteem, and improving learning and memory. The cons are: being time consuming and tedious, being costly and expensive, and risking injury while exercising. Let’s look at the pros of physical activity.
Stress is a normal physical response to events that make one feel threatened or upset one’s balance in some way. It comes to us naturally, when we need it. When working properly, it helps one stay focused, energetic, and alert. In emergency situations, stress can save people’s lives; such as with the fight to flight response. So in situations it comes upon us to benefit us and to be helpful. The stress response also helps one rise to meet challenges, and also helps keep one’s concentration. Although stress can be good, beyond a certain point, stress stops being helpful and starts causing major damage to a person’s health, mood, productivity, relationships, and their overall quality of life (www.helpg...