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Objectives of Affirmative action
The reality of affirmative action
The impirtance of affirmative action
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Author: Walter Benn Michaels is the chair of the Department of English at the University of Illinois at Chicago teaching literary theory, and American literature. Michaels has also has multiple essays and books published such as Against Theory, The shape of the Signifier, and Diversity's False Solace
Title: Diversity’s False Solace. The title of the piece comes from the point the author is attempting to convey to the reader, said claim is colleges use race based affirmative action as to create diversity, but at the same time remove a calling for socioeconomic class based affirmative action. The lack of diversity among class level is what's hiding behind race diversity thus showing how diversity in higher education is missing a huge component.
Publication Info Diversity’s False Solace, Walter Benn Michaels, New York Times, 2004. This
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essay is a chapter in one of Michael's books published in the New York Times as to convey the message to a broader audience than those who would be reader Michale book as it carries a message very applicable to a large populus. Claim: Michaels claims in his piece Diversity’s False Solace that the action of race based affirmative action within higher education is just a front to hide the economic inequality of those accepted allowing wealth preference to exist with little protest as the college looks live a diverse mix of students.
This front then prevents many from getting into many colleges while keeping the public happy with a cover up.
Purpose: Michaels has published his claim as he wishes to reveal how he sees the purpose of affirmative action in higher education as a front of racial diversity to hide the lack of any class based affirmative action leaving little opportunity for the very low income. Michaels express great satisfaction in how he see affirmative action used basically allowing the rich to triumph while looking like everything is fine and diverse.
Audience : The audience of Michael's writing is those involved with colleges namely faculty students and parents of those students, Students and parents who will be dealing with colleges admission soon or not so soon, and those who might not necessarily think of college as a
possibility. Context/Occasion: Michael's wrote this piece as to project his dissatisfaction as a member of a college faculty with all the praise racial diversity has gained when in his mind he just see as process of “battling over what skin color the rich kids should have” Language: The language of the piece is that of an informal fashion as Michaels repeatedly uses the view of I in addition to offering opinions on the subjects of the writing. How do Michael's' ideas relate to Golden's? : Michaels and Golden share similar ideals when it comes to wealth preference in college admissions and how it is often overlooked for a variety of reasons of the general public. Golden and Michaels also share a similarity in their writing in a voice that is warning the reader of wealth preference in college. The difference in the two writers pieces cois in how the reader is warned about wealth preference, Golden tells of how colleges seek out wealthy students and give them preference whereas Michaels writes about how colleges use race affirmative action to hide the fact that there is no class based affirmative action. How do Michael's' ideas to Krugman's? : Krugman and Michales ideas share a similar core point that states the wealthy have set themselves up to remain wealthy while others suffer and due to policy anything that appears to assist in leveling the playing field only further helps them. Krugman supports his point with example such as estate tax and other such policies, while Michaels supports the argument with the disguised purpose of race based affirmative action. The primary difference in the two arguments comes with what level of wealth the writing is focused on. Krugman focuses on how the super wealthy form an aristocracy. Michaels differs slightly in that he expresses how all levels of the wealthy shut out those who are considered poor by societal standard.
While it is more directed towards supporters of AA to convince them of his own standpoint, it is also intended for a general audience. He begins his argument with a statement, “Like the majority of my graduating class, I am applying to college. I am also white (Connolly).” Immediately, one can predict bias in the article. The fact that the author is white is problematic because he has not faced the same discrimination that the minorities of which AA is supposed to benefit have faced. Therefore, his judgement of AA would be clouded by his white-centered perspective. In forming his argument, he proposes a question, “Now imagine that another student, a minority who is perhaps slightly less qualified, is given your place simply because of race. Is this fair? No (Connolly).” In this passage, he uses pathos for the reader to sympathize with him, attempting to place them in his shoes to see more through his perspective. However, he does not present factual information or hard evidence. Rather than addressing the actual debate for AA, he bases his claim on his own opinions and feelings, which does little to strengthen his argument. He also states, “After all, those who currently benefit from rectifying society's oppression of
The essay, “Diversity: The Value of Discomfort” is an argument written by Ronald L Leibowitz in which he addresses a group of graduates about the value of diversity in college. To me, diversity means the unique backgrounds which influence people’s thoughts, ideas, and opinions. Each of the factors in an individual’s background makes them unique, and creates an important facet of our communities. However, we need to recognize and understand diversity, and simply “celebrating” it is not enough—we must embrace it in our colleges, workplaces, neighborhoods, and larger societies.
Perkins, Geroge, and Barbara Perkins. The American Tradition in Literature. 12th ed. Vol. 2. New York: McGraw Hill, 2009. Print
Education has always been a current issue due to the fact that it is seen as an economic cure-all. However, the perception of college is ill-conceived and there are multiple debates on how to improve it. College universities believe that having open admissions will increase the amount of matriculations, but the fact is the amount of students being enrolled into a four-year university has no relationship to the amount of students with academic aspirations. W.J. Reeves, an English professor at Brooklyn College of The City University of New York, gives a few examples of how open admissions has changed education methods and student abilities. Reeves wrote this opinion piece to convince everyone, especially parents, that schools are in need of reform
Discrimination is still a chronic global issue, and drastic inequalities still exist at the present time. Thus, the Affirmative Action Law is an important tool to many minorities most especially to women, and people of color, for the reason that this program provides an equality on educational, and professional opportunities for every qualified individual living in the United States. Without this program, a higher education would have been impossible for a “minority students” to attain. Additionally, without the Affirmative Action, a fair opportunity to have a higher-level career...
Sixth Edition. New York: Harper Collins College Publishers Inc., 1995. Twentieth Century Literary Criticism. Vol. 9.
Guerin, Wilfred L., Earle Labor, Lee Morgan, Jeanne C. Reesman, and John R. Willingham. A Handbook of Critical Approaches to Literature. New York: Oxford University Press, 1999. 125-156.
Affirmative action has been a controversial topic ever since it was established in the 1960s to right past wrongs against minority groups, such as African Americans, Hispanics, and women. The goal of affirmative action is to integrate minorities into public institutions, like universities, who have historically been discriminated against in such environments. Proponents claim that it is necessary in order to give minorities representation in these institutions, while opponents say that it is reverse discrimination. Newsweek has a story on this same debate which has hit the nation spotlight once more with a case being brought against the University of Michigan by some white students who claimed that the University’s admissions policies accepted minority students over them, even though they had better grades than the minority students. William Symonds of Business Week, however, thinks that it does not really matter. He claims that minority status is more or less irrelevant in college admissions and that class is the determining factor.
The purpose ofAffirmative Action is a simple one, it exists to level the playing field, so to speak, in the areas of hiring and college admissions based on characteristics that usually include race, sex, and/or ethnicity. A certain minority group or gender may be underrepresented in an arena, often employment or academia, in theory due to past or ongoing discrimination against members of the group. In such a circumstance, one school of thought maintains that unless this group is concretely helped to achieve a more substantial representation, it will have difficulty gaining the critical mass and acceptance in that role, even if overt discrimination against the group is eradicated. For this reason, more effort must be made to recruit persons from that background, train them, and lower the entrance requirements for them. (Goldman, 1976, p. 179) Proponents of affirmative action argue that affirmative action is the best way to corre...
Selden, Raman, and Peter Widdowson. A Reader’s Guide To Contemporary Literary Theory. Lexington: The University Press of Kentucky, 1993.
Heriot, Gail. "The Sad Irony of Affirmative Action Publications National Affairs."The Sad Irony of Affirmative Action. National Affairs, n.d. Web. 01 May 2014.
Today there is considerable disagreement in the country over Affirmative Action with the American people. MSNBC reported a record low in support for Affirmative Action with 45% in support and 45% opposing (Muller, 2013). The affirmative action programs have afforded all genders and races, exempting white males, a sense of optimism and an avenue to get the opportunities they normally would not be eligible for. This advantage includes admission in colleges or hiring preferences with public and private jobs; although Affirmative Action has never required quotas the government has initiated a benefits program for the schools and companies that elect to be diversified. The advantages that are received by the minorities’ only take into account skin color, gender, disability, etc., are what is recognized as discriminatory factors. What is viewed as racism to the majority is that there ar...
The discrimination against Caucasian and Asian American students a long with the toleration of lower quality work produced by African American students and other minority students is an example of the problems caused by Affirmative Action. Although affirmative action intends to do good, lowering the standards by which certain racial groups are admitted to college is not the way to solve the problem of diversity in America's universities. The condition of America's public schools is directly responsible for the poor academic achievement of minority children. Instead of addressing educational discrepancies caused by poverty and discrimination, we are merely covering them up and pretending they do not exist, and allowing ourselves to avoid what it takes to make a d... ... middle of paper ... ...
Tanabe, C. (2009). From the courtroom to the voting booth: Defending affirmative action in higher education. Philosophy of Education Yearbook, 291–300.
Affirmative action policies were created to help level the playing field in American society. Supporters claim that these plans eliminate economic and social disparities to minorities, yet in doing so, they’ve only created more inequalities. Whites and Asians in poverty receive little to none of the opportunities provided to minorities of the same economic background (Messerli). The burden of equity has been placed upon those who were not fortunate enough to meet a certain school’s idea of “diversity” (Andre, Velasquez, and Mazur). The sole reason for a college’s selectivity is to determine whether or not a student has the credentials to attend that school....