Neurobiology The two developmental neurologic disorders I would like to discuss are Sickle-cell anemia and Down syndrome. Sickle- cell anemia was named for the description of the appearance of the red blood cells of those who suffer from the disease. Johnson (2010) describes sickle as a chronic illness resulting from inadequate blood circulation that causes significant pain and ultimately organ failure and death (p. 132.) According to Feldman (2013) “around 1/10th of people of African descent carry genes that produce sickle-cell anemia, and 1/400 actually has the disease.” Symptoms of the disease include chest and abdominal pain, fever, fatigue, jaundice related to hepatic disease, compromised renal function, stroke and sometimes death. In the past many victims of the disease died in infancy, but due to advances in medicine, life expediency has significantly increased. One of the most difficult consequences of this disease is the lifelong management of pain and resulting isolation during times of a sickle-cell crisis. Cognitive, physical and social development are al...
Nonprofit and voluntary type organizations play a major and integral role in American society. Each group exists today because they were established with the desire to help those in need by providing products, good and services. In the article “Toward Nonprofit Reform in Voluntary Spirit: Lessons From the Internet”, the authors stated the that nonprofit and the voluntary sector can include professional, the paid nonprofit, and grassroots organizations (Brainard & Siplon, 2004, p. 435). Even though these organizations may have the same or similar structures, I will compare and contrast the economic and political difference and similarity between the two.
"Down syndrome." South African Medical Journal 101.1 (2011): 6. Health Reference Center Academic. Web. 16 Apr. 2014.
Meanwhile for other babies having an underdeveloped brain could cause major physical problems for the child. This could include hearing loss and visual problems which would mean that the child would not be able to recognise voices and its surroundings. Another problem this could cause is feeding problems because the child might not be able to swallow this would cause major issues because the child wouldn't be able to get the nutrients it needs to
At Community Boards, the skills and disciplines that I learned was that I was able to handle clients through phone calls more effectively and in a manner in which I can be neutral. I also learned to be very patient with some clients over the phone, where some phone calls had spent over an hour of the client’s time talking to me about their issues at their residence. I was able to cultivate the skill of being able to use different communication styles in order to deal with certain people and their styles, for often I would have to deal with people that very emotional, because of their situation, whether they be angry, sad, or hopeless, I had to alter my style of communication to accommodate their needs and try to calm them down. Although I
In contemporary nursing practice, nurses need to integrate scientific knowledge and nursing theories prior to providing optimal health care. Nursing theories guide nurses to treat clients in a supportive and dignified manner through client centred approaches. However, it is challenge for nurses to practice client centred care in daily realities due to heavy workloads. In order to assist nurses to decrease the gap between ideal and real practice, Registered Nurses Association of Ontario (RNAO) develops Best Practice Guideline of Client-centred-care (Neligan, Grinspun, JonasSimpson, McConnell, Peter, Pilkington, et al., 2002). This guideline offers values and beliefs as foundation of client-centred care, and the core processes of client-centred care can facilitate provision of optimal nursing care. These four core processes of client-centred care include identifying concerns, making decisions, caring and service, and evaluating outcomes. According to RNAO (2006), ongoing dialogue with clients and self-reflection are essential for nurses to develop their nursing skills and knowledge on client-centred care. As a nursing student, I reflected on written transcripts of interactions between patients and me, so that I could gain insights into client-centred care for further improvement. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to discuss importance of the core processes of client-centred care in nursing practice through identifying and critiquing blocks to conversation. Based on the guideline of RNAO (2006), respect, human dignity, clients are experts for their own lives, responsiveness and universal access will be elaborated in each core process of client-centre care as reflecting on three dialogues with patients.
According to Hassold and Sherman (2002), the probability of giving birth to a child with DS is not linked to any race, ethnicity, socioeconomic status or geographic location. Maternal age seems to be the only etiological factor that may cause DS. Some characteristics of DS include: deep folds at the corners of the eyes, hypotonia, short stature, flexible joints, small oral cavity and heart defects (Taylor, Richards, & Brady, 2005). Most individuals with DS have a moderate intellectual disability, although there is a range of disability, from severe to high functioning (IQ above 70). Since DS is a birth defect and not a disease, there are no treatment options.
Intellectual and developmental problems range from mild to moderate and some are healthy. Also problems with thinking and learning are common. Poor judgment, short attention span, impulsive behavior, and delayed language and speech development are all behavioral problem. Others have severe health problems like serious heart defects. Not all children with Down syndrome have the same features. Some common features are: flattened facial features, small head, short neck, poor muscle tone, short height, etc. Breastfeeding from tongue and mouth abnormalities can be difficult. Conductive hearing loss due to ear abnormalities; 66-89% of Down syndrome people have some level of hearing loss in at least one ear. About 3-13% of them have seizures. Also 40 to 50% of children with Down syndrome have congenital heart defects in the United States (“association for children”). Infants with Down syndrome maybe average size but grow slowly and remain shorter than other children the same
Intellectual disability can be caused by a problem that starts any time before a child turns 18 years old – eve...
Cerebral palsy has no known official cause; several factors identified in the 1980s suggest that cp can happen before, during or after birth. But the exact cause is unknown in many cases why. Factors include lack of oxygen at birth, Rh incompatibility- where the mother’s own antibodies attack the fetus’s blood cells, jaundice – where yellow colored bile would normally flow in the bloodstream in small sizes, build up, leading blood cells to die and left untreated, brain damage could occur. There are two ways cp can occur, congenital and acquired. Congenital cerebral palsy happens to premature babies born too early – less than nine months or 37 weeks or under 5.5 pounds (low birth weight ) and multiple births such as twins. Cerebral palsy that is acquired after birth occurs when severe illnesses and or accidents can damage the developing brain in the early weeks, months or years of the child’s life. In al...
The prevalence of neurodevelopmental disorders has been on the rise for the past four decades, according to the third edition of America’s Children and Environment (2011). A neurodevelopmental disorder is defined as a disorder that affects the nervous system. These conditions include Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), autism, cerebral palsy, Down syndrome, dyslexia, dyscalculia, and Fragile X syndrome. Such disorders take more than a physical toll on the diagnosed individual. Neurodevelopmental disorders take a hefty financial, emotional, and mental toll on family members affected throughout the diagnosed individual’s development. Special education, medical, and support services are required for individuals with a diagnosis of a neurodevelopmental disorder. Causes of these disorders are generally accepted as multifactorial—they may be caused by anything related to genetic factors and environmental agents. However, the true causes of the majority of these listed disabilities remain unknown and much debated. These conditions, their causes, and ramifications will be discussed thoroughly throughout this paper.
In some cases, mental retardation can be diagnosed at birth. An infant with Down syndrome, for example, is often identified by characteristic features. The diagnosis is confirmed with a chromosome analysis.
For example, Autism. Autism is a developmental disability that affects the normal development of the brain in the areas of social skills and learning. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2010, autism is the most common of prenatal disorders. As of 2010, according to The National Institute of Mental Health, the U.S has a percentage of 13.6 when it comes to mental and behavioral disorders. Also, there are Brain Malformations, also known as, Cephalic disorders. Most brain malformations begin in the prenatal period of development. Something damages the developing nervous system or causes it to develop abnormally. At times it's a genetic problem. In other cases, exposure to certain medicines, infections, or radiation during pregnancy interferes with brain development. Parts of the brain may be missing, abnormally small or large, or not fully developed. These disorders affect the child’s learning ability and overall intelligence
In reflection on my learning experience in the group class, I have gained clarity on what sorts of competencies of facilitating group therapy, as well as in what areas social workers and students tend to feel most strong in my practice. Regarding my specific gains in competencies, I feel that I learned the most and was most likely to gain specific group facilitating competencies at the weekly class. Learning in group class is taught me the tools to use to work with groups therapy, communities and also with individuals through the process of changes. In this past three months I think a lot of opportunities have been created to shadowing with (beside and behind) and being a part of group members to learn. In addition, this class has taught me about the skills and how effectively help
Down syndrome has always been defined as a genetic condition. It is also known as Trisomy 21, and it is the most common genetic cause of intellectual disability. Nelson and Gibbs (2004) said “Trisomy results from sporadic nondisjunction of chromosome 21 leading to three copies of the smallest human chromosome”. Trisomy 21 is the cause of about ninety-five percent of observed Down syndrome. Most of the nondisjunction comes from the maternal gamete while a very small amount of the nondisjunction comes from the paternal gamete. Along with Trisomy 21, there is also translocation. Cross, Gensburg, and Olsen (2003) said that “Approximately 5% of cases are due to translocation resulting in the presence of three copies of the q arm of chromosome 21”.
Many benefits of online discussion have been recorded in the literature. For example, participation in an asynchronous online discussion is time and place independent (Morse, 2003: Williams etal., 2001). Participants who involved online discussion can contribute whenever they have a useful input and wherever they are as long as they have access to a network based computer. Williams (2002, p. 266) explained the freedom from temporal and geographical constraints international students have “flexibility in the time, place and pace of communication” with others. In contrast, the traditional face-to-face discussion does not have this flexibility.