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Ancient Greek society
Ancient greek government
Ancient Greek society
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All things may be divided into one of four classes: Finite, Infinite, the union of the two, and the cause of the union.
The seasons and all the delights of life = union of the two
The qualities of high and low (degree) = infinite
Ratio number and measure (quantification) = finite
The mind = cause of the union
Dialectic and rhetoric deal with expressing an opinion or the refutation of one. Both require the skillful use of dialog and ones oratory abilities. However, this is where the similarities end. Generally directed at a smaller audience, and is interactive with the orator answering questions as well as asking them. Dialectic utilizes reasoned deliberation and sometimes vigorous debate between the speaker and the audience to find a consensus on
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an argument. Rhetoric on the other hand is focused on the orator and geared towards large audiences that have little or no dialogue with the speaker. Logos: A logical appeal. The ability to speak intelligently and knowledgeably on a subject. Pathos: An emotional appeal. The ability to move an audience through emotion. Ethos: An ethical appeal.
The ability to convince an audience that a speaker is knowledgeable, trustworthy, and has their best interests at heart.
Jeffrey Walker argued epideictic speech was a way to inform the public so they contemplate ideas, formed opinions, or even revise their existing beliefs and attitudes that could inspire change.
In Greece, there was political and legal equality among all free men, regardless of inequalities of wealth and birth. Everyone voted, served on juries, and all could speak in the assembly. Rome, however, placed less importance on individual citizen, and considered the opinion of the collective body over the individual. However, only those fortunate enough to have been born into an influential family or serve in the military were considered real citizens of Rome.
Cicero felt that “wisdom without eloquence does too little for the good of states... without wisdom is generally disadvantageous and is never helpful”. He believed wisdom was the guide to human affairs, and that eloquence along with wisdom was necessary to govern effectively. Furthermore, he sought to reunite “the tongue and the brain”, eloquence and wisdom, and thus to produce great speakers who were also great
thinkers. The Second Sophistic differed from the earlier Greek Sophists in that they were cultural conservatives, intent on preserving the heritage of Hellenism in language, literature, rhetoric and religion. This new rhetoric must be restrained from influencing judicial decisions in order to avoid any contempt towards the empirical government.
In reference to Rome, Athens’s citizenship system was less accepting by only allowing free, native born males to nationalize. While this aspect was considered a drawback by the Romans, truthfully it is actually a major tradeoff by Athens. As shown in Document A, Rome was more lenient to upcoming citizens. Although this adds to the power and development of the empire, it also creates holes in its security. Citizens with non-native origins are free to express their hatred and idea of change to the Roman government, by creating a negative cultural diffusion, and contributing to the downfall of Rome. On the other hand, Athens was free from any possible revolts and riots from any non-native Athenians.
Rhetoric is the art of effective or persuasive speaking or writing, and its uses the figures of speech and other compositional techniques. It’s designed to have a persuasive or impressive effect on its audience.
Cicero believed that a good orator must do three things in his speech: earn the favor of the audience, provide persuasive arguments, and move the audience with emotional appeals. In his defense of Marcus Caelius Rufus one finds an excellent example of Cicero’s work and through close examination can glean some additional information about what Cicero felt was needed in a good speech. With such scrutiny it becomes readily apparent that each of the three objectives need not be attained equally. Because while Cicero does attempt to gain the favor of his audience, provide persuasive arguments, and presents the audience with powerful emotional appeals, he spends a vast amount of time providing the jury with “proofs” (persuasive arguments), a fair amount of time earning the good will of the audience, and only briefly extends emotional appeals towards the close of his speech. Cicero did this for a reason; he did this because it best fit the case being made against his client, the circumstances of the trial and seemed most likely to get him the acquittal he desired. If one peruses Cicero’s monologue, they can figure out why.
The Ancient Roman citizens in 50 BC had more rights than the American citizens in 1790. The Roman society in 50 BC was a republic which was controlled by the senate, but the patricians also played a major role in the government. However, the American government in 1790 was set up as a democracy, with a new constitution. The Roman society gave all of its citizen’s legal rights, including women. Not only did Rome give the Romans legal rights, there was also better social mobility and wealth distribution. While, in America there were many needless requirements in order for its citizens to take part in government. Both countries had slaves, but they used them for much different purposes.
Upon the completion of my high school career I was faced with the sudden realization that I was growing up and on the verge of becoming independent. A few months prior, I had applied to Montana State and received my acceptance letter. The future was before me and my ambitions were truly limitless. That is, until the fact set in that I was going to have to pay for this education that I desired. I knew that with my busy schedule, I would be unable to make enough money while only working a few hours here and there. I was beginning to lose sight of hope. Then one day I talked to my counsellor about what I could do and he pointed me towards dozens of scholarships that I could apply for. The exigence or purpose
Greece, originally ruled by an oligarchy ("rule of the few"), operated under the premise that those selected to rule were selected based not upon birth but instead upon wealth. Eventually, however, Greek government became democratic. Rome, on the other hand, was a republic that elected its officials, and common citizens were not allowed as many opportunities as Athenians to participate in matters of the state. While Greece had branches of government to represent citizens, Rome implemented branches of government to represent different components of society. For example, Rome had authorities to supervise public works projects, administer justice, supervise recreational activities and conduct a census (text). Rome, who, like Greece, was a polytheistic society, also appointed a priest for life who was in charge of the entire state's religion.
They were originally established with the intent to give most of the power to the people. The power to vote for the leaders and settle issues professionally. Both forms of governments had senates, which represented the people and helped the nations succeed, by not allowing one person to gain complete power like a king or emperor would. They both did not want kings ruling the entire kingdom, so they gave the people more power by allowing them a voice with some form of voting. Power was also given to representatives and officials in the republic and democracy. The Athenians were able to vote for legislation and bills, while the Romans elected officials to vote on the people’s behalf. The Roman’s established an aristocratic republic controlled by only wealthy people, so the power was not shared equally in society. On the contrary the Athenians allowed anyone to be in government as long as they were a male citizen. A form of the executive branch emerged from both systems; Rome had two consuls elected by council and Athens had a council of five hundred men. They both had different regulations on who was able to be a citizen. The Athenians only granted citizenship to native born males, while the Romans gave half citizenship to Italians allowing them to have full rights, but were not able to
Rhetoric is the art of effective speaking or writing, and persuasion. Most people use rhetoric numerous of times in their everyday life without their concern or knowing.
Julius Caesar, a very famous play written by William Shakespeare, is known for it’s great use of rhetoric. The general plot is a story of two senators, Brutus and Cassius who have come to a realization that Caesar is not good with his power and they fear what he will do for Rome; so they plan his death. Once they go through with the plan, they have a funeral speech held for Caesar in which Brutus speaks attempting to persuade the citizens that Caesar deserved his death, whereas Antony believes he did not deserve it and gives the people reasons why, causing a hostile audience. With the use of ethos and pathos, Antony’s rhetorical strategy was more effective than Brutus’.
The enlightenment made it popular for the study of truth to be rooted in reality and less dependent on interaction. This argument is the most prevalent throughout the piece. Vico claims that the society he lives in parallels “Pre-Socratic” times and school of thought. In this grand defense of eloquence, Vico uses different Greek and Roman political figures as exemplars of great speakers as verification of the greatness of proper eloquence. He concludes his argument with a plea to future civil servants that asks them to learn multiple disciplines in order to develop common
This is not only having an extensive vocabulary, but also being able to speak in a manner that inspires and encourages. Being able to command attention from your audience is very important. When Mr. Trump speaks people listen. He is able to articulate and sell his ideas to you. He has had to do a lot of wheeling and dealing trying to acquire real estate, thus being able to persuade people by simply speaking is essential.
Ancient Greece was made up of individual city states, known as a Polis, which relied heavily on citizen participation in politics. The idea of self-rule was an entirely new way of governing. Citizenship was unheard of at the time. Although still considered citizens not everybody was allowed to participate. In Athens only adult males who had military training were allowed to vote. The majority of the population, namely slaves, children, metics (free noncitizens) and women were excluded from participation in politics. “[Metics] and women were not citizens and did not enjoy any of the privileges of citizenship.”(Sayre, 137) Athenian citizens had to be descended from citizens, excluding the children of Athenian men and foreign women. Individuals could be granted citizenship in to Athens by the assembly this was usually as a reward for some service to the state. Ancient Greece paved the way for the representative democratic style of government that is practiced by many countries today. Much like how voting rights started out in America, originally only the wealthy land owners were allowed to vote and call themselves citizens, but soon all men were allowed to have a vote and a voice in their states politics. Essentially the Greeks were the first to introduce citizen rights and freedom similar to what’s seen today.
Making a successful public presentation or speech to an audience was a very big task for me before I joined the public speaking class. I was always frightened and very nervous. Since then I now understand the process of making a speech or a presentation including coming up with a topic and from this topic develop the main points of the speech, research, organize my points, revise them, edit and make a magnificent presentation to any audience. People in the audience might sometimes agree or disagree with my opinion or points, it was therefore necessary to communicate my information clearly to the audience without making any judgments since every person was entitled to a different opinion and views about things.
In order to successfully deliver an oral presentation such as a speech, the speaker must follow certain procedures to ensure his message can be conveyed clearly. Vast amounts of research are essential in order to acquire the knowledge necessary to be able to speak about a topic comfortably and answer any questions the audience might have during the course of the presentation. After acquiring such knowledge about the topic of the presentation the speaker will feel more confident, confidence is key in delivering speeches and other oral presentations because it makes the speaker look more credible and trustworthy. Lastly, the speaker must be fluid and eloquent with his words, the speaker must be able to sound clear and crisp while delivering their
“DA-DA!” Who would have known that a simple word like that could be so powerful and strong enough to make a grown man like myself cry. In every job setting, a great way to represent ourselves is through communication. Communication is stemmed from the act of speech, in which plays a huge role, not only at a workplace but in reality as well. Speech is simply a higher form of communication between two or more people. Great speech practices may enhance a person’s opportunity of moving up within the company he or she works for, as well as venturing off to higher positions in a professional field. Having the ability to speak well is closely related to the ability to listen well. Speaking well in a professional setting can cause one to stand out over others more and help interpret a great first impression of who that person is.