III. ARCHITECTURE IMPLEMENTATION
Based on implementation of FMULT_ACCUM and control unit, this system was implemented in three different types. Bit serial, pipeline and single resource. This paper discusses the design and implementation of bit serial architecture. The main motive behind bit serial implementation was to reduce the area and cost at the expense of speed.
Figure 2. FMULT_ACCUM Implementation
Figure 2 shows the implementation of FMULT_ACCUM. Inputs to the FMULT block are two’s complement and floating point parallel input. Output of this block is two’s complement 1 bit serial output. A four bit Count_in signal is used as a counter which avails FMULT to repeat operations after 16 iterations. Clear_Accum and Clear_Carry signals are used to reset accumulator. Done_Signal is used to reset the counter. The reason to choose 146 will be discussed in the accumulator section. These logics are implemented using finite state machine.
A. FMULT
The operation of FMULT is as follows. First, the two’s complement input is converted to floating input. The mantissa of each signal is multiplied, and exponent and sign bit are added to obtain the floating point output. This is then converted to two’s complement parallel output. Input to the accumulator is one bit serial. Hence the parallel output in FMULT is converted to serial output by loading it into a shift register and then shifting it out serially.
The allocation of 16 clock cycles for FMULT is shown in Table 1. At 0th clock cycles, the channel will be selected and everything will be reset. In the first clock cycle, the signal An and SR will be loaded. Later, mantissa multiplication takes place from 2nd to 9th clock cycles; exponent addition takes place from 2nd to 7th clock cycles...
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.... This is implemented using finite state machine. Initially, the control unit is stalled for arbitrary time i.e. 16 clock cycles. Thereafter, the start signal goes high and starts the FMULT_ACCUM module. From the previous section, it is seen that the FMULT_ACCUM takes 146 clock cycles to complete. After completion done signal is generated and fed to the control unit. Then arbitrary period of 16 clock cycles is waited and then write signal is given to register and the results are latched to register. After 2 clock cycles, delay strobe is generated. Altogether, control unit takes 180 cycles but we have allocated 200 cycles. Hence 20 cycles are left idle.
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A serial bus system uses the same line to transfer different data bits of the same byte/word. Usually they have only one data line and the bits will flow one after the other, as a packet. An examples of series bus systems are The Universal Standard Bus (USB) and IEEE 1394 bus architecture. Parallel bus systems are more expensive than series bus systems, although, parallel bus systems have a much higher
As we can see in the above example, the iValue1 and 1.0 are the two operands and which are not of the same type. One is the integer and the other is a double precision floating point value. Therefore, the above expression is an example of mixed mode expression.
After compression, the structure data, audio and video must be multiplexed. A number of compressed TV signals are combined by a multiplexer and put unto a shared transition medium. This is done by one of the two possible kinds of multiplexers that result in either a transport or a program stream, which is suited for secure transmission paths since it can contain large amounts of information. In addition multiplexing can be done using various methods. Time division multiplexing allocates a distinct time interval for each channel in a set; with the help of synchronization and a fixed interval order the channels take turns using the common line.
Floating-point values are stored in an 8-bit representation: sign bit, followed by a 3-bit biased exponent and a 4-bit normalized significand with implied bit.
J. A. Gutierrez ,M. Naeve , E. Callaway , M. Bourgeois ,V. Mitter and B. Heile "IEEE 802.15.4:adeveloping standard for low-power low-cost wireless personal area networks", IEEE Network, vol. 15, no. 5, pp.12 -19 2001
The uses of Digital Signal Processing in communications has become so large scale that nearly any form of analog communication is considered obsolete. Today, nearly any form of communication used, aside from verbal communication, relates to Digital Signal Processing. Some of the more prominent uses for DSP in communications are; local area networks, cell pho...
To cross check the when current input are fed into the system outputs are correct.
As we all know that data flows in and out of the chip. During this data flow, there’s a necessity to meet some constant i.e. Speed. The timing analysis is way to verify the system timing. It consists of two categories: Dynamic and Static.
The main advantages of this mode are simplicity and its correctness for parallel processing. The encryption and decryption are performed separately for arbitrary position blocks, for that error do not promulgate from one block to another. The major drawback of this methodology is that, in plaintext, it does not hide all patterns i.e.., if plaintext contains identical blocks, then cipher text will get the same identical pattern of blocks without any modification or changes in the cipher text. In all cases it doesn’t provide the message confidentiality.
R. B. Staszewski et al., “All-digital PLL and GSM/EDGE transmitter in 90nm CMOS,” Proc. of IEEE Solid-State Circuits Conf., pp. 316–317, 600, Feb. 2005.
In the Using the pulse modulation technique, the analog signal is converted into the digital signal. The process of quantization and companding of a signal is carried on the spreadsheets. To attain a clear signal to quantization noise ratio, the number of samples should be increased. By increasing the sampling depth, the quantization error can be minimized. By companding process, the quantization noise and distortion levels can be minimized. Companding improves response for low amplitude signals.
Print. The. Gordon A. Gow, and Richard K. Smith. Mobile and wireless communications: an introduction, McGraw-Hill International, 2006. Print.
This report will describe the two forms of data communications in terms of the physical interfaces and modes of operation. It will describe the features of data communications equipment in relation to synchronous and asynchronous communication including modems, network terminating units and sending and receiving equipment.
The age of digital electronics has come to be one of the most significant developments in the history of society. What were once manual time-consuming tasks and processes have now become programmed to the point where multi-tasking is an expected part of our lifestyles. So what is considered to be a digital electronic? They are sophisticated devices capable of sending information through electronic signals from point A to point B. The information is transmitted from one circuit to another by using electronic currents. However, the logic sequences that have been incorporated into the electrical circuit is what distinguishes digital electronics from the electronic devices from the past. Binary logic, also known as Boolean theory, implements a base two-value logic system of “true” and “false” to transport information through electric signals.
When we select any of the register (command or data register) and set RW Then instruction is executed .instruction means the 8 bit data or command on data lines of liquid crystal display LCD and additional voltages is used for this to execute the instruction and the additional voltage is given to the lcd in the shape of EN SIGNAL SO TO EXECute the instruction then make EN=1 FOR SOME MILLISECONDS. And then we make it again EN=0 or ground. It should be noted that the data which we send to lcd may be in 1 of the following form