Dengue fever is a mosquito-borne viral infection that has a widespread incidence. There are four closely related virus strains that cause dengue that are known as DENV 1, DENV 2, DENV 3, and DENV 4. The virus is transmitted to humans indirectly by mosquitos, of which Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus are the primary vectors. The Aedes aegypti mosquito is also recognized as the species that spreads other viral diseases such as chikungunya, yellow fever, and the Zika virus. Dengue has a pronounced presence in tropical regions and because urbanization and accessibility to international travel, the disease is able to travel at a much faster rate. The impact that dengue fever has health and socioeconomic implications on the global populations, …show more content…
The disease has an incubation period of about four to five days after the mosquito bite before symptoms develop. Dengue in its most mild form rarely results in death, and people who have been infected with the virus have lifelong immunity to the particular serotype of the virus. Dengue fever is more likely to become lethal when the virus develops into one of two lethal forms, dengue hemorrhagic fever or dengue shock syndrome. The disease progresses into dengue hemorrhagic fever, additional symptoms that accumulate include hemorrhaging and shock. After the fever declines, there is a 24 to 48 period in which the capillaries become permeable and fluid leaks into the peritoneum and pleural cavity, which causes the severe abdominal pain that is often felt by those afflicted. Signs that the disease has progressed into dengue hemorrhagic fever are a low platelet count, skin hemorrhaging, excessive bleeding on the nose and gums, and internal bleeding. Without treatment, the circulatory system will ultimately fail and the person will go into shock and …show more content…
The now worldwide distribution of the disease has made dengue able to cause more illness and death than any other arbovirus disease. The increased distribution in the last 30 years has significant social and global implications. The fact that dengue has a low fatality rate makes surveillance of the disease more difficult, which causes dengue to be regularly undetected or misdiagnosed as another arboviral. The prevalence of dengue fever is often underestimated, which is highly inefficient because epidemics of dengue often cause social and economic disorder. Without accurate estimates of disease estimates, the cost of treatment and vector control is inaccurate, and less people will be able to be treated. Also, the communities with outbreaks of the disease are often ill prepared and unequipped to handle multiple disease
The discovery of yellow fever would have not been possible if people had not put aside their misconceptions of where diseases originated. Diseases in olden time were believed to be divine punishment to people who had committed bad deeds, and therefore not much was done to try to find cures for diseases like yellow fever. As defined by the World Health Organization, yellow fever an acute viral hemorrhagic diseases transmitted by infected mosquitoes, and a common characteristic of this disease is the development of jaundice which gave it the name "yellow" fever. The mosquito responsible for the transmission of the disease is the female Aedes aegypti mosquito. Her transmission of the disease occurs as a result of it biting an infected host and inside her body the virus multiplies, and afterwards if the mosquito bites someone that person becomes infected.
It was stated that the fever is normally ranged between 102 to 104 degrees 0F (40 degrees 0C), which can last up to 10-12 days after being infected (Harvey, 2015). This high fever may cause one to feel very fatigue and dehydrated, in some cases people may experience a bit of sweating and loss of appetite. In addition, during this infection one may feel a sense of shivering, chills and shaking due to the fact that the body’s immune system is trying to fight the infection, (WHO.2014). The fever itself is said to be caused through the bite of an infected aedes aegypti mosquito. This may cause fever because of the anti-coagulants in the mosquito’s saliva, which cause the blood to clot. Furthermore, fever is not the only effect of Chikungunya in
Polio is a viral disease. It cripples thousands of people and infects even more every year. Even though millions are inoculated, and the polio disease has been successfully purged from hundreds of countries still thousands of people and developing countries are infected and still people are dying. According to the World Health Organization (WHO) polio affects the Central Nervous System, or CNS; by infesting the intestines and transmitting it into the nerves thought the blood vessels. There the virus spreads through the nerve cells to the brain stem or other motor units, while forever damaging the nerves.
Lyme disease is one of the seven most common diseases reported in the United States to the CDC annually (www.cdc.gov). The rates have gone from 10,000 cases in 1992 to over 30,000 cases in 2009. 95% of these cases were found in the northeast and Midwest regions of the United States (Committee on Lyme Disease, 2011) . More cases happen in this area of the country due to the close proximity of deer to population. The bite itself isn’t the problem, rather the pathogen being spread in mammals from the bite. Lyme disease occurs when a tick penetrates the skin of mammals and the spirochete Borrelia burgdorferi enters. Borrelia burgdorferi is carried by ticks named the Ixodes dammini, which is the main vector for Lyme disease. These may also be known as I. scapularis, and may be found on deer (Schilling-McCann, 2010). ¬¬¬In addition to Lyme Disease, ticks may also carry Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever or Tularemia (Smeltzer et al, 2010).
...t approximately 1%.1, 2, 3, 4 Transmission to humans is either through direct or indirect contact with infected animals or their bodily fluids or infection through the bite of an infected mosquito.1, 2, 3, 4 Rift Valley Fever has been found to have a high capacity for colonization which greatly increases its’ potential emergent risk in Western Nations.2 The virus itself can survive a wide range of bioclimatic environments due to its’ transmission routes.2 The introduction of Rift Valley Fever into regions that were previously unaffected may be due to the potential movement of hosts and vectors through trade or migration.2 The mechanical transport of arthropod vectors is the most probable mechanism of disease dispersal.2 The potential for geographical spread of Rift Valley Fever is the reason why the disease has been identified as a priority emerging disease.2
The West Nile Virus first came to the U.S. public's attention following an outbreak in New York in August 1999 where eight patients has contracted ecephalitis from the virus. In the following four years the virus spread to almost all 48 contiguous states. In the United States cases were initially infrequent until 2002, when a massive outbreak occurred in the Mississippi River basin during August and September. As it has spread through the country, nearly 8,500 people have been diagnosed with the virus, which has lead to 189 deaths. The emergence of the new disease has been followed closely by the media and the government. Many areas that have experienced significant outbreaks of the Virus have occured have implem...
Mosquitoes, fever and even death may be some of the things that come to mind when we're asked to think about West Nile Virus. Many of us would consider mosquitoes a small trade-off for what the summertime provides, but what if there were more at risk than a bump above your skin and an itch? In a not so distant past West Nile Virus ascended into news broadcasts all throughout the country and alarming it's residents. Today however, that all seems to be an afterthought. The intentions today are to cover the first found cases of West Nile Virus, the symptoms of West Nile Virus, and finally West Nile Virus' impact on the United States. Through the research here, the hope is that we can all have a better understanding of how West Nile Virus works.
Envision a life consumed by grayness and misfortune, slowly weakening the body from the inside with no proof of existence other than symptoms of a common cold. Dwindling away as skin begins to cling to bone, this monster, formally addressed as the Poliomyelitis (Polio) disease, finds its way to the nerves of the body as well as the grey areas of the spinal cord, leaving its host with dreadful affects throughout the body.Since its discovery in 1905, Polio has caused several epidemics throughout the years leaving many permanently paralyzed or even dead. Thankfully, scientists created the polio vaccination which lead to the nearly complete eradication of this disease. However, In order to ensure this disease does not spread as it once did before, people must come to understand Polio’s etiology, history and modern day epidemiology, as well as its proper response to treatment.
The chikungunya virus could not only have a devastating impact on the tourism of these countries, but also it could hurt other parts of their economies. To start off, with the chikungunya virus would also come public health costs which could potentially hurt the economy as these countries would have to figure out how to prevent chikungunya(Lalta, Stanley). Prevention could only be done through spending money on research and medicine that's necessary in order to stop chikungunya. Estimated amounts show that “total treatment and preventions for the Chikungunya Virus with a population of 1.3 million people would cost 13.2 million dollars in U.S. currency”, a very expensive amount that many poorer countries cannot bear. Symptoms of CHIK such as severe joint pain, headache, or arthritis would require real medicine to help a person stay healthy. Arthritis in limbs has been known to be one of the most severe symptoms associated with the chikungunya virus. By definition, it is
The last cycle is the urban cycle which is transmitted between human and mosquitoes, but mainly Aedes aegypti.
Meningitis is defined as inflammation of the meninges, which are the thin membranous covering of the brain and spinal cord. There are different variations of the disease which include bacterial, viral, fungal, parasitic, and non-infectious.
As you exit the bus, another passenger next to you starts to cough, and then you hold the handrail as you exit the bus. Since you’re late getting home, you take a shortcut through a field to get home quicker. These three simple acts just exposed you to bacteria, viruses, and insects that could cause illness or even death. Infectious diseases, also known as communicable disease, are spread by germs. Germs are living things that are found in the air, in the soil, and in water. You can be exposed to germs in many ways, including touching, eating, drinking or breathing something that contains a germ. Animal and insect bites can also spread germs.1
There are many symptoms of yellow fever and they vary depending on the severity of the disease. Some of the symptoms are basically normal and would not lead the sufferer to believe that something was seriously wrong. The first symptoms, fever, headache, nausea, and backache are common and appear soon after a patient has contracted t...
Dengue fever, also known as the “breakbone fever”, is a vector-borne viral disease endemic in tropic and subtropic regions, with around 100 million symptomatic new cases each year worldwide15. It is caused by any one of the four closely-related serotypes or viruses that is spread by multiple species of mosquitoes, in particular the Aedes aegypti 6,13.
DENV is one of the world’s most geographically prevalent arthropod-borne viruses. Its geographical distribution is intrinsically attached to the range and habitat of its principal vector mosquitoes (Figure 1.5). Dengue infections are reported in more than hundreds of tropical and sub-tropical countries worldwide, mostly in urban and semi-urban areas where the vectors for dengue virus are commonly found. Dengue is hyper-endemic in many of these urban cores with co-circulation of multiple dengue virus serotypes. In non-tropical regions, dengue is usually spread by the international travellers that have visited dengue-endemic areas (Malavige GN et al.,2004).