I. Demographic Transition
Cameroon, a low-income country with a rapidly increasing population estimated at 21,700,000 million in 2012 [1] is currently experiencing high population growth resulting from continuing high fertility during a period when mortality rates have been declining consistently. In the period 1950-1955, life expectancy for both males and females was 38.5 years [3]. In 2012, over 17.5 years have been added to life expectancy for both sexes, raising it to 56 years [3]. On the other hand, fertility rates have dropped slowly since the last 50 years. In 1965, the total fertility rate (TFR) was 6.08 live births per woman which has since decreased to a rate of 4.9 live births per woman in 2012 [3]. The higher rate of population
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According to the United Nation Economic Commission for Africa, some factors that can explain the resulting fertility rates are: “early marriages, limited use of contraception; high demand for children due to tradition, religion and high infant mortality; [...] Persistence of customs and ancestral beliefs favoring large families, early marriages, and polygamy; Need for more children to assist in food and …show more content…
There is an enduring unequal distribution of the wealth that is produced by the economic growth as demonstrated by the Gini coefficient of 38.9 in 2013, in addition to the fact that at least 9.56% of the population lives below the poverty threshold of less than $US 1 per day [9]. These inequalities may contribute to alarming health consequences. According to Echuffo-Tchegui and Kengne, the recent years have seen a considerable increase in the burden of chronic non-communicable diseases (NCDs), which “accounted for 43% of all deaths in 2002” [10]. Increasing urbanization is exposing the Cameroonian population to highly processed foods (usually high in fat, salt, and sugar) and increasingly sedentary lifestyles [10]. Currently, 53% individuals live in urban areas [1]. It has been shown that that these socio-economic changes could now lead Cameroon to face “the double burden of infectious and chronic non-communicable diseases (NCDs)” [10]. The burden of infectious diseases is mainly driven by HIV/AIDS, malaria, and lower respiratory infections [11]. In 2012, the prevalence of HIV among Cameroonian adults was 2217 per 100 000 population [1]. The incidence of malaria was 16877 per 100 000 population [1]. Yet at the same time, the country experiences an increase in the burden of NCDs, displaying elements of an
According to World Health Organization, the statics show that: - The world needs 17 million more health workers, especially in Africa and South East Asia. - African Region bore the highest burden with almost two thirds of the global maternal deaths in 2015 - In Sub-Saharn Africa, 1 child in 12 dies before his or her 5th birthday - Teenage girls, sex workers and intravenous drug users are mong those left behind by the global HIV response - TB occurs with 9.6 million new cases in 2014 - In 2014, at least 1.7 billion people needed interventions against neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) (“Global Health Observatory data”, n.d.) B. A quote of Miss Emmeline Stuart, published in the article in
The United States Of America is a stage 4 of the demographic transition model; meaning there is a low birth rate as well as a low death rate within the population. Even though our population is the 3rd highest in the world with over 300,000,000 people, according to the CIA world factbook, Americans have 12.5 births per/1,000 people that being said we had about 3,941,109 babies born in the year 2016.(Bakalar 1). One can compare this to brazil’s population which is over 200,000,000 people making them the 5th largest country in the world based on population, Brazil is also a stage 4 country in the demographic transition model. In Brazil the birth rate is 14.1/1,000 people which makes sense when compared to America's 12.5 births when the USA's population has hit an all-time
Access to health care in Ethiopia has left many people without proper health care and eventual death. Millions of people living in Ethiopia die because of the lack of access to the health care system; improving the access to the healthcare system in Ethiopia can prevent many of the deaths that occur, but doing so will pose a grueling and challenging task. According to Chaya (2012), poor health coverage is of particular concern in rural Ethiopia, where access to any type of modern health institution is limited at best (p. 1). If citizen of Ethiopia had more accessibility of the healthcare system more individuals could be taught how to practice safe health practices. In Ethiopia where HIV, and maternal and infant mortality rates are sky high, more education on the importance of using the healthcare system and makin...
By the year 2000, 58 million people have been infected by HIV/AIDS and alarming numbers such as 22 million would have already died. And the epidemic continues to spread. HIV/AIDS historically is considered to be one of the longest running worldwide epidemics that we have ever seen, and figures cannot be placed on the true death tolls or estimation of the damage as the cycle still is yet to reach an end (Whiteside 2002). With Africa being the worst hit continent in the world in terms of the HIV/AIDS epidemic and the severity of it’s prevalence; one can only begin to question whether HIV/AIDS and poverty and directly connected or the inter-linkages exacerbate one or the other. This paper aims to argue that HIV/AIDS is a manifestation of poverty, and simultaneously poverty contributes to growing HIV/AIDS epidemic. Development in response both to poverty reduction and to HIV/AIDS is complicated when both have multi-dimensional and multi-faceted impacts on a society, whether it be social, economic or human development impacts. This paper will argue that pre-existing socio economic conditions within a country such as high levels of poverty, poor sanitation, malnutrition, environmental degradation and poor public healthcare systems and limited access to preventative care are crucial factors in contributing to the transfer of the infection (Pasteur: 2000, Mann: 1999).
Humans have greatly impacted the global environment. Throughout the course of history, human populations have rapidly increased. Especially in Africa, these numbers have reached extraordinary proportions. Out of all the continents in the world, Africa’s population is increasing the most. The type of growth here is exponential. “Overpopulation is a condition when an organisms numbers exceeds the carrying of its ecological niche.” The growth rate of a population is equal to the birth rate minus the death rate. Therefore, for overpopulation to occur, the birth rate must surpass the death rate (Wiley). The current population of Nigeria is estimated to be 155,215,573. Most of the population consists of the younger generation. More specifically, 41% of the population is between the ages of 0-14. 56% of the population is between the ages of 15-64. However, only 3.1% of the population is 65 and over. This age group represents a very small part of the population. (CIA)
Nearly 50,000 people, including 30,000 children, die each day due to poverty-related problems and preventable disease in underdeveloped Countries. That doesn’t include the other millions of people who are infected with AIDS and other incurable diseases. Especially those living in Sub-Saharan Africa (70%), or “the Third-World,” and while we fight to finish our homework, children in Africa fight to survive without food, or clean water. During the next few paragraphs I will give proof that poverty and disease are the two greatest challenges facing under developed countries.
Teitelbaum, Michael S., Jay Winter. “Low Fertility Rates - Just a Phase?” YaleGlobal Online. Yale Global, 9 Jul. 2013. Web. 1 Mar. 2014.
Dr. S.M. Shamim ul Moula, “Fighting Disease” May 9, 2001 African Networks for health research and development; retrieved Dec. 9, 2003 http://www.afronets.org/archive/200105/msg00035.php
London, England. The.. London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine n.d., Session 5: The role of the state. in global health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, England. Ricci J.
When you have people in developing countries who have far too many children than they should and don’t have the means to take care of them you get overpopulation, when you get overpopulation you get less job opportunities, and when that happens you people who can’t take care of themselves or their children. Two factors have been shown that correlate with overpopulation, which is poverty and education. When you have higher education in a community you will tend to have a decrease in birth rates because when people get education especially in women you will have a decline in birth rates because when they get their education they usually want to get a good job. poverty and overpopulation in the United States. Poor living conditions and over population can cause many forms of disease and unclean living conditions, and with poor living conditions you get the spread of airborne diseases such as tuberculosis and respiratory infections such as pneumonia.
8. Sindiga, Isaac “Fertility Control and Population Growth Among the Maasai” African Studies Review v.27 (Mar. ’84) pp.23-39 1984
Education is another factor which is the main cause of this poverty and many more other problems. Lack of education in Africa is due to lack of schools and education facilities. The school enrollment rate is also very less in Africa, which make people illiterate and thus living their life under the poverty line as they could not able to earn a sophisticated earning for them and their family. 33 million school age children do not go to school and from those the higher amount is of girls. This lack of education also leads to many diseases as they do not attend school and does not get any knowledge and precautions regarding diseases.
That is 545 deaths per every 100,000 successful deliveries. Also, a woman’s chance of dying from “pregnancy and childbirth in Nigeria is 1 in 13” (Abara 2012) Nearly 50% of Nigerian women are mothers before they turn 20. There in inability to access quality 6 health care services, poor access to safe childbirth services and lack of adequate and affordable emergency care. In some parts of the country, religion does not allow women to deliver in the hospital. Also, the husbands are not to be happy to see their wives opening up to a doctor for any from of virginal exanimations. So from a young age, the girl child is taught how to deliver her baby unassisted. This leads to infections and death. Also, gender inequality is imbedded in Nigerian society and culture. Although women do have rights to land, the patriarchal society dictates that their rights are weaker than a man 's. This shows the unequal distribution of power between man and women. Women have a very high fertility rate of six children per woman, due to the pressure on her to give birth to boys who can inherit and own land. As said by Newbury, “If a woman has a girl first, she is more likely to have more children, not use contraceptives, have short periods between pregnancies, and be subjected to polygamy” (Newbury 2004). Each of these factors increases a woman 's vulnerability to
HIV does not only affect the well-being of individuals, it has large impacts on households, communities and even nations as a whole. Peer discussions and personal research has also made me realize that some of the countries suffering from this HIV epidemic also rather unfortunately suffer from other infectious diseases such as malaria and tuberculosis, relative poverty and economic stagnation. Despite these setbacks, new inte...
Many people are needed to reap a field when the crops are ready. Therefore, many children must be born. The birth rates in third world cultures are very high as a result. Males are obviously preferred. Because of the...