The purpose of this experiment was to create a polymer by reacting a mixture of decanedioyl dichloride and dichloromethane with a mixture of water, 1,6-hexadiamine and sodium carbonate. Specifically, we created the polymer Nylon-6,10. Nylon-6,10 polymers are used in a vast majority of things we use in everyday life such as zippers, the bristles in brushes, and even car parts. This experiment was different from the industrial method of making nylon because that takes place at a much higher temperature. A polymer is a substance that has a structure made of similar or identical units bonded together. All polymerizations fall into two categories: step-growth and chain-growth (both of which we used to form our polymer). Step growth polymerization …show more content…
In a chain growth system, the reaction is also started with monomers but these monomers primarily bind with monomers and polymers. A key difference between step and chain growth is that chain growth requires a termination step whereas step growth has no termination step because the oligomers are reactive throughout the process. In this experiment we produced a Nylon-6,10 polymer from a reaction with a sebacoyl chloride (decanedioyl dichloride)/dichloromethane mixture and a mixture of water, 1,6-hexanediamine and sodium carbonate. The name ‘Nylon-6,10’ indicates that the diamine that it was made from has 6 carbons and the diacid it was made from has 10 carbons. The sodium carbonate was used in the preparation of Nylon-6,10 because it is a strong base that will lower the acidity of the solution and neutralize the hydrochloric acid that was produced as a by-product. The HCl was produced as a by-product instead of water because we used milder conditions by substituting decanedioyl dichloride for decanedioic acid. The decanedioyl dichloride is a better alternative because it is more reactive towards the …show more content…
Styrofoam is made up of polystyrene polymers. Polystyrene is a relatively nonpolar solution so it can be inferred that it will dissolve in similar solutions following the rule ‘like dissolves like.’ When the Styrofoam was placed in the acetone it began bubbling and scrunching up. After stirring it around for a minute or so the Styrofoam was a small ball in the bottom of the beaker. When we pulled it out, it was squishy ad pliable. Because there was still styrafoam left over, this leads me to believe that the acetone simply sucked all the air out of the Styrofoam and left the polymers behind. Placing the foam in dichloromethane caused an immediate reaction. The styrafoam instantly dissipated and left bubbles in the beaker. A similar reaction happened with the Toluene. The Styrofoam dissolved after 1-2 seconds of soaking in the toluene and then dissolved, leaving only bubbles. Styrofoam and 95% Ethanol solution left the Styrofoam floating around in the beaker with no results. It was as if we placed the styrafoam in water. Mixing sodium polyacrylate and water resulted in in a thick, clear gel that resembled ice or snow. It was sticky and wouldn’t form a shape if you held it in your hand and molded it. Adding heated water and sprinkling in poly(vinyl alcohol) to the surface of the water produced another sticky
The experiment of Diels-Alder reactions, in particular the furan and maleic anhydride as used in my experiment, observed the exo product as oppose to the exo product. This shows the tendency for the stereochemistry of the Diels-Alder to yield an exo product in preference to the endo product. To determine the stereochemistry, a melt temperature of the product was taken and compared to literature values. The melt temperature for the product was roughly around 113oC, corresponding to the exo Diels-Alder product of furan and maleic anhydride. When compared to the class data of melting ranges, the melting temperature from the reaction was relatively consistent to the majority. Based off this, the assumption can be made that the Diels-Alder prefers
spaced –CONH– amide groups. Nylon 6-6, or poly(hexamethylneadipamide), is composed of. two structural monomers (hexamethylendiamine (H2N(CH2)6NH2) and adipic acid. (HOOC(CH2)4COOH), whereas Nylon 6, or poly(6-caprolactam), is composed of a single structural unit (either 6-aminocaproic acid (H2N(CH2)4COOH) or caprolactam). Ultimately, the answer is yes.
surfactants. They are made up of two amphiphilic moieties connected at the level of the head
rapid development of polymer chemistry after World War II a host of new synthetic fibers
The most common form of polyethylene is petroleum based or olefins based; as before mentioned polyethylene compounds have a wide commercial applicability and are made from non-renewable resources (Harding, Dennis, von Blottnitz, Harrison, & S.T.L., 2007). Its manufacturing processes are regarded as energy intensive and release significant amount of CO2 and heat into the atmosphere (Broderick, 2008). Next a little more detailed description of polyethylene’s production processes will be presented, with a focus on the way the material inputs are extracted and synthesized.
A group of polymer chains can be organised together in a fiber. How the polymer chains are put together is important, as it improves the properties of the material. The flexibility, strength and stiffness of Kevlar fiber, is dependent on the orientation of the polymer chains. Kevlar fiber is an arrangement of molecules, orientated parallel to each other. This orderly, untangled arrangement of molecules is described as a “Crystalline Structure”. A manufacturing process known as ‘Spinning’ is needed to achieve this Crystallinity structure. Spinning is a process that involves forcing the liquefied polymer solution through a ‘die’ (small holes).
Polymers are formed during dehydration synthesis reactions, as a covalent bond forms between two monomers when a water molecule is lost (Collin County Community College, 2014). In hydrolysis, the covalent bond between monomers in a polymer is broken by the addition of a water molecule as the hydrogen in the water molecule attach...
Polymer creatures are very fascinating, because they can grow when put in liquids, and experiments are going to be conducted relating to this growing. A polymer is a very long chain of molecules strung together (What). Polymers are very versatile, and can have almost limitless colors and characteristics (Definition). One of these qualities is absorbency, and some can absorb as much as five hundred times their weight in water (Growing). It is hypothesized that if the polymer creatures are submerged in water for a day it will at least double in size, while it will not grow as much when put in Sprite.
I will be comparing Elmer’s school glue and cheap Dollar store glue (iMagine glue). The Elmer’s glue is priced at $1.00 for 4 oz. The cheaper glue is priced at $0.50 for 4oz, so the iMagine glue is a good bit cheaper than the Elmer’s glue. The Elmer’s glue is a touch thicker than the cheap glue. Technically, Elmer’s glue is a “PVA - based glue”, but is is basically like all regular “PVA” . There is not much difference in Elmer’s glue And regular “PVA glue.” There are many parts to making slime like the right amount of Borax. For instance you could put too much borax and your slime will be hard , and we don’t want that. Do you know how slime works? The borax dissolves into the water the water into sodium ions Na^t, and tetraborate ion. Hydrogen
To make PVC (Polyvinyl chloride) you have to start from the beginning by cracking the hydrocarbons molecules to monomers whom both are double bonds. PVC is a used plastics which contains Hydrogen, chlorine and carbon. It “started” from the method of polymerization. This is a ...
The ingredients used in making slime contain fundamental additives that, when mixed together, cause the thick, gooey, slime every kid enjoys. Polymers are made from several smaller molecules joined by chemical bonds. The polyvinyl allows the mixture to feel slimy. Combing the polyvinyl and Borax together creates a chemical reaction. The mixture becomes cold, thicker, and elastic. This combination mixed together produces slime that is fun and safe for all ages.
The most commonly produced PVC structure by addition polymerisation is the atactic PVC. As seen in Figure #, the chlorine atoms are branched randomly and asymmetrically along the carbon backbone. Unlike the other two structures, the random orientation prevents the polymers from packing closely together and is described to be ‘amorphous’.
There are two popular ways of creating nylon for fiber applications. One, ¡°molecules with an acid (COOH) group on each end are reacted with molecules containing amine (NH©ü) groups on each end.¡± The nylon 6,6 is made in this fashion. The other common way of making nylon fibers is by polymerizing a compound containing an amine at one end and an acid at the other, to form a chain with reoccurring groups of (-NH-[CH©ü]n-CO-)x. If the x=5, the fiber is named nylon 6 (Nylon Fiber).
German Chemist Hans von Pechmann first synthesized Polyethylene by accident in 1898 by heating diazomethane. His colleagues characterized the waxy substance polyethylene due to the fact that they recognized that it consisted of long ethene chains. It was then first industrially synthesized by accident in 1933 by applying extremely high pressure to ethylene and benzaldehyde. Over the years, development of polyethylene has increased due to the additions of catalyst. This makes ethylene polymerization possible at lower temperatures and pressures.1
Polyester is an example of condensation polymerisation1. Condensation polymers are polymers that are formed by joining molecules together and they loose a small molecule such as water or methanol as a by-product1. A polyester is made by reacting an acid with two -COOH groups and an alcohol with two -OH groups1. In this particular case the acid is benzene-1,4- dicarboxylic acid also known as terephthalic acid and the alcohol used is ethane -1,2-diol also known as ethylene glycol1.