Manufacturing process of polyester.
Producing polyester in laboratory.
Polyester is an example of condensation polymerisation1. Condensation polymers are polymers that are formed by joining molecules together and they loose a small molecule such as water or methanol as a by-product1. A polyester is made by reacting an acid with two -COOH groups and an alcohol with two -OH groups1. In this particular case the acid is benzene-1,4- dicarboxylic acid also known as terephthalic acid and the alcohol used is ethane -1,2-diol also known as ethylene glycol1.
Now this acid and alcohol make continuous chains by lining up alternately1. This makes an ester linkage between each acid group and alcohol group1. As they are condensation polymers it loses a small molecule, in this case it is a molecule of water1. So for every ester linkage that is formed it loses a molecule of water1.
After this compound is formed, then comes the polymerisation stage1. In the polymerisation stage the compound that is produced is heated at a temperature of 260oC and at a low pressure1. A catalyst is required at this stage to speed up the reaction - there are many options for catalysts such as antimony (iii) oxide1. After this step the polyester is formed and half of the ethane1,2- diol is restored which is removed1.
This is the final polyester also known as the polyethylene terephthalate1.
Producing polyester for manufacturing purposes.
There is another method of producing polyester. This method is mainly used by manufacturers to produce polyester. The two basic form of polyester produced are filament yarn and staple fiber2. The filament yarn is a smooth surfaced fabric that are continuous in length and a staple fiber are just yarns cut into short lengths but...
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...ic may feel wet in hot weather3. Also it lacks appearance3.
Finishing process – They have similar finishing process to a yarn.
Manufactures – These are the top three manufactures of polyester worldwide3.
E.I.du Pont de Nemours Co.,Inc.
Hoescht Celanese
BASF
Biblography
1. "Polyesters - Terylene and PET." Polyesters - Terylene and PET. N.p., n.d. Web. 29 May 2014. .
2. "How Products Are Made." How Polyester Is Made. N.p., n.d. Web. 28 May 2014. .
3. "Manufacturing Polyester." Manufacturing Polyester. N.p., n.d. Web. 30 May 2014. .
4. "Polyester Revival Glossary." Polyester Revival Glossary. N.p., n.d. Web. 30 May 2014. .
Enfield USA: Science Publishers, Inc. Inderfurth, K. H. (1953). The Species of the World Nylon Technology (1st ed.). McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc. A Comparison of Silk and Artificial Silk 15 Michigan State University.
First step to produce polyethylene is to obtain the ethane from the ground. Ethane can be obtained either by extraction from natural gas or from crude oil using a process called fractional distillation (AUS-e-TUTE n.d.; University of Washington). Fractional distillation is a process that separates the various components of crude oil, in this case, to obtain ethane.
A group of polymer chains can be organised together in a fiber. How the polymer chains are put together is important, as it improves the properties of the material. The flexibility, strength and stiffness of Kevlar fiber, is dependent on the orientation of the polymer chains. Kevlar fiber is an arrangement of molecules, orientated parallel to each other. This orderly, untangled arrangement of molecules is described as a “Crystalline Structure”. A manufacturing process known as ‘Spinning’ is needed to achieve this Crystallinity structure. Spinning is a process that involves forcing the liquefied polymer solution through a ‘die’ (small holes).
Most of the necessities humans need are provided in supermarkets, in fact supermarkets have become a necessity for our everyday life. They are now the main source of water, food, clothes and everyday tools. Therefore, the plastic bags demanded and supplied in this industry increase every day. In the past decade, we produced as much plastic as we did in the whole twentieth century (Freinkel, 2011). This exponential increase of a non-biodegradable material has negatively impacted our environment immensely. Plastic production requires our dwindling fossil fuel resources, robs away animal lives, litters our beautiful landscapes and even affects our very own well-being. Hence, if plastic production doesn’t diminish immediately, we will suffer great
... and react to form a prepolymer. In dry spinning fiber production, the prepolymer is additionally reacted with an equal amount of diamine. The resulting solution is diluted with a solvent to produce the spinning solution. The spinning dry solution is pumped into a spinning cell where it is converted into fibers by forcing the polymer solution through a spinneret. This causes the solution to be aligned in strands of liquid polymer. As the strands pass through, they are heated in the presence of a nitrogen and solvent gas, causing the liquid polymer to chemically react and form solid strands. The fibers are then treated with a finishing agent that prevents the fibers from sticking together. The fibers are transferred through a series of rollers onto a spool. When the spools are full they are put into final packaging and shipped to textile manufacturers and customers.
28 Sept. 2014. Berlow, Lawrence H. "How Products Are Made. " How Nail Polish Is Made. Advameg Inc, n.d. Web. 07 Jan. 2015 Forester, Elizabeth.
Spider silk has long been admired by scientists for its exceptional strength and elasticity, this admiration has led to many years of research to find a similar product that they can mass-produce. Due to spiders’ cannibalistic and territorial nature, alongside their inadequate production of silk, they are ill suited for commercial farming. This report will examine how scientists have genetically modified goats to produce large quantities of spider-like silk for use in industry, and examines some of the issues surrounding genetically modified organisms (GMOs).
Polyethylene (PE) is one of the most commonly used polymers which can be identified into two plastic identification codes: 2 for high-density polyethylene (HDPE) and 4 for low density polyethylene (LDPE). Polyethylene is sometimes called polyethene or polythene and is produced by an addition polymerisation reaction. The chemical formula for polyethylene is –(CH2-CH2)n– for both HDPE and LDPE. The formation of the polyethylene chain is created with the monomer ethylene (CH2=CH2).
There are two popular ways of creating nylon for fiber applications. One, ¡°molecules with an acid (COOH) group on each end are reacted with molecules containing amine (NH©ü) groups on each end.¡± The nylon 6,6 is made in this fashion. The other common way of making nylon fibers is by polymerizing a compound containing an amine at one end and an acid at the other, to form a chain with reoccurring groups of (-NH-[CH©ü]n-CO-)x. If the x=5, the fiber is named nylon 6 (Nylon Fiber).
Polyethylene is a polymer that is made of a long chain of CH2 monomers bonded together. It is one of the most commonly used polymers in everyday items. Grocery bags, soap bottles, children’s toys, and even bullet proof vests are all made from polyethylene.2 This polymer is very versatile and can be used in many materials but this all depends on the way that the polymer is chemically made or enhanced. There are many different types of polyethylene classified by density and branching. 2
Synthetic fibers are man-made from chemical processes or altered natural fibers. They most often start out as a chemical made from coal, oil or natural gas. The compound is then ran through a device with small holes in it called a spinneret. (Troøyen, Fabrics for Dummies: Synthetic Fibers). The solution then evaporates and creates the fiber. Nylon was the world’s first synthetic fiber that was created from only chemicals. It had many advantages such as being durable and lightweight, much better than natural fibers and a substitute for wool (1910s Synthetic Textile Fibers ) . “Nylon was made after several years of research at the DuPont company. Inside, it was simply called fibre 66, but they wanted a trade name. The first suggestion was Duparooh, short for 'DuPont pulls a rabbit out of hat'! But after 400 names were suggested, nylon was finally chosen” (How Are Synthetic Fibers Made?). The first company to produce synthetic fabrics...
Oils, balls, swabs, bandages, tissue, paper, napkins, diapers, socks, underwear, shirts, shorts, sweaters, pants, coats, towels, linen, cushions, drapery, upholstery, rugs, carpet, comforters, mattresses, insulation, filtration, and many other things that are used daily by everyone are composed of, or inspired by cotton. Cotton is a soft, fluffy, naturally occurring fiber plant that can be processed into an array of materials and goods.
The History of Origami dates back to 105A.D. when paper was first invented in China and was brought to Japan by 6th Century monks. Between the years of 1603-1868, the folding of paper was recreational and ceremonial. But before then, in Ancient Japan, paper folding was strictly ceremonial. The name 'Origami' originates from the Japanese words oru which means to fold, and kami which means paper. By the 1800's, children were learning the skills of Origami by the time they were kindergarten. Origami is a family tradition that is passed down from generation to generation in most conditions, but can also be a simple fun thing to do in more of an American culture.
Natural fibers are available from animals and plants. The most important natural fiber types are cotton and sheep´s wool. The raw materials for manmade fibers are natural and synthetic polymers. The most important manmade fiber types in textile industry are polyester, polyamide, polyacrylonitrile, polypropylene, regenerated cellulose (viscose) and acetate. Spun yarn formation from fibers is done in spinning mills. Before spinning, preparatory processes take place. The tasks of the processes are opening of the fiber bales, mixing of the fibers, cleaning, arrangement, parallizing of the fibers, drafting and twining of the fibers to a yarn. 80 % of worldwide yarn production is carried out by ring spinning which is
Achoo! That tidy that has been gathering while you have adhered inside must go. Try not to endeavor to brush it away with a plume duster, while in transit to just exacerbate the situation. Here are some exhibited tidying hardware from purging executives and the experts at Consumer Reports who extend their recommendation on How to Clean Practically Anything. For more insights, read our article.