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Recommended: The dark ages
Abstract: - This paper will discuss the lives of a few mathematicians who revived ancient mathematics and carried the torch of knowledge from the east to bring light to Europe during the Dark ages. During the time when Europe was experiencing extreme poverty, chaos, disease, and a lack of knowledge; the Eastern world was flourishing and flooded with advancements and scientific contributions such as discoveries about medicine, arithmetic, geometry, astronomy, and various scientific works but all was written in Arabic. The study of the Arabic Language was a necessity, which opened the doors to a vast number of books and knowledge foreign to Europe. The mission of translating mathematical and scientific works from Arabic to Latin began, which allowed European scholars to have access to ancient contributions by the Greeks and knowledge from Muslim Mathematicians. The translations helped the revival of ancient mathematics and inspired newly contributions, which aided Europe in surviving the Dark Ages.
Key-Words: - Dark Ages, Adelard of Bath, Astronomical Tables, Gerard of Cremona, Leonardo Pisano
1 Introduction
Mathematical advancement in the Middle East, China, and India continued to flourish but in the meantime, Europe had fallen into the Dark Ages. The Dark Ages were considered to be the early
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He played an important role in reviving ancient mathematics and making contributions of his own. He was born in Pisa, Italy and was educated in Northern Africa where his father worked. Leonardo traveled around the Mediterranean coast and saw the advantages of the Hindu-Arabic system [3]. He ended his travels with his father around the year 1200 and returned to Pisa where he wrote a number of texts which helped revive ancient mathematics. Some of his personal mathematical contributions were Liber Abbaci, Practica Geometriae, Flos, and Liber Quadratorum
Leonardo da Vinci was a famous painter, sculptor, and inventor that lived from 1452-1519. He was born in a small Italian town of Vinci and lived on a small estate that his father owned. Leonardo kept the name of the town that he was born in for his last name. Since his mother did not marry his father, he could not inherit his father’s land, nor did he have much going for him as a wealthy businessman. When people think of Leonardo da Vinci, they mostly associate him with art and paintings, such as his famous Mona Lisa and The Last Supper. Leonardo believed that art was correlated to science and nature. Da Vinci was largely self-educated and he filled endless notebooks with examinations and suppositions about pursuits from aeronautics to anatomy.
Documentaries on television have changed quite a lot over time. They used to be good outlets to learn about things, but now they are seen as more of comical piece of entertainment rather than an educational source. The History Channel’s documentary The Dark Ages is no exception. The documentary portrays the early middles ages as a time of death and hunger mixed with religious conflicts, also containing an abnormal amount of bright red objects in an otherwise bleak and monochromatic world. This is contrary to the readings and lectures with descriptions of historical figures and religious affiliations, but similar in its description of the amount of war and hunger in the society.
In the year 476 A.D., Rome officially fell as the greatest and most thriving empire at the time. The time period following this downfall was called the Middle Ages, more infamously recalled as the Dark Ages; but were these years truly as dark as historians say? These medieval times lasted for approximately one thousand years, could such a long time period have been all that dreadful? The answer will soon become clear. The Middle Ages deserved to have the alias of the Dark Ages because there were several severe illnesses, the monarchs were cruel, and the crusades brought the death of many.
Leonardo was born April 15, 1452 he was the son of Ser Piero and Caterina. Leonardo's father was a landlord, and his mother was a peasant and they both were not married at the time. Leonardo lived with his father and had an education. Later on his father moved the family to Florence( Heydenreich). At the age of 15 Leonardo was showing that he was a great painter. In 1467 he became an apprentist to Andrea Del Verrochio a very well known artist during that time period. He became a member of Verrochio's workshop where he received an education in a huge variety of areas.(Giorgio). In another workshop of Antonio Pollaiuolo, Leonardo studied anatomy, and animals. He was accepted into painters guild in Florence. An early work by Leonardo was an angel painting for the Baptism of Christ artwork.After Verrochio viewed the artwork he thought it was time for Leonardo to move on and do other things. Later on Leonardo became an independent painer and later moved to Milan where he worked for Ludovico Sforza. During that time Leonardo created one of his most famous artworks The Last Supper. Later on his career he became a journalist in which he would write down his obeservations , and findings. His notes showed that he knew about how rocks were formed.He was also fascinated with fossils and how to make tunnels through mountains.(Weingardt ).Years ...
The Dark Ages was a horrendous time of death and despair. It took place in Western Europe near the past civilizations that had colonized those areas. It spanned over 600 years from 500-1100 AD. During this time, almost all of the recent advancements made in Rome had been lost. The Dark Ages was an appalling time frame of anguish made apparent by very high death rates, no career options, no hope, and the fact that it was torture to be alive.
The artist, as have said before, was born to a common peasant, but went to live with his wealthy father. Although we know nothing of Leonardo’s early education, we have proved that he had been drawing since he was young. Vasari, who has given us the information on Leonardo, states that he was talented in music and in math. Wells and Kemp state:
Leonardo Fibonacci, also known as Fibonacci and Leonardo of Pisa, was an Italian Mathematician who lived during the 12th and 13th century. On his journey to Africa and Syrian, he learned the Arabic mathematics, which was unknown to Europeans. Fibonacci published a book called Liber Abaci which contributed to Europe adapting the Arabic system of numbers. Liber Abaci included a thought experiment that later became known as the Fibonacci sequence. In his thought experiment, Fibonacci wanted to calculate the number rabbits that could originate from one pair of rabbits in one year.
There are many terms used to describe the period after the fall of Rome and before the Renaissance, three main terms being the Middle, Medieval, and Dark Ages. In general, these terms are used interchangeably, but are these fair substitutions? In recent years the term “Dark Ages” is becoming less and less acceptable as a phrase which describes the span of years it is meant to refer to. The use of the term “dark” implies a period of stagnation, which is becoming a questionable concept. In particular, the span of time referred to in this paper is 530-1452 BCE, with specific attention paid to the scientific discoveries and innovations rather than art or literature. These dates are significant because in 529 the Academy and Lyceum in Athens were shutdown by the Byzantine emperor, thus ending the Greek intellectual influence. The date of 1453 is chosen because many Greek texts arrived in Europe in 1453 after the fall of Constantinople at the hands of the Turks, thereby reviving the struggling European scientific fields (Bunch 93). This essay will show that the medieval period was not a so-called “dark age” because of scientific innovation in the Islamic world, and is only referred to as such because of the popular bias in the West of focusing on Europe. In order to make this clear, firstly, two objections to this proposition will be analyzed and clearly refuted. Following these counter arguments, the main weight of historical facts and events in the identification and explanation of Islamic scientific innovation will be presented, showing the inaccuracy of referring to the medieval period as dark. Finally, I will show that the misleading perception of the medieval era as stagnant is due to the modern bias for the superiority of Western...
Leonardo da Vinci greatly impacted world history by his artwork, inventions, and discoveries in science. Around the world da Vinci has impressed and amazed people by his gift in artwork. Inventions were a common thing that he thought of, and they always surpassed his time period intellectually. Discoveries and new ways of thinking don’t come very often, but under the thoughtful mindset of da Vinci they do, the genius of the 14th century. Leonardo da Vinci, was born in 1452, in Anchiano, Italy during the Age of Discovery.
Prior to the Middle Ages, Rome was regarded as being one of the most powerful and influential countries in the world. However, the fall of Rome appeared to release the stranglehold the empire had over the development of these nations and ushered in a new era. In fact, the fall appeared to give way to the rise of people previously regarded as uncivilized and barbaric such as the Franks and their greatest king, Charlemagne. Although the name Dark Ages may conjure up images of a time of decline and stagnation in development, this is not a completely accurate picture. Despite the social, religious, and political upheaval during the time, it can be argued that the Early Middle Age was indeed a time of enlightenment which effected changes that forever altered the direction of Europe; albeit it a slow-moving process due to the lack of modern
He was also the first scientist that correlated mathematics and science. Despite certain holdbacks like accurate instruments for measuring and mathematical laws had not yet been discovered, Leonardo was thought of as a real pioneer. It is quite certain that Da Vinci contributions to science revolutionized the way that scientists have researched ever since.
Leonardo da Vinci is one of the most well-known geniuses in human history. This man masters knowledge of all kind: painting, architecture, music, geology, philosophy, biology, math, physics, chemistry, etc. His probably most famous painting, Mona Lisa, fascinated millions of people around the world and the amazing and mysterious details in the painting attracted a number of scientists and scholars to devote their whole career in studying them. Born and lived in Italian Renaissance age, which is a period of time when arts flourished and knowledge was valued, Leonardo was surrounded by many great contemporary artists and a perfect creative environment. These favorable factors supported him to fully exercise his talents.
Everyone needs something to hold onto to keep them going in rough times. The Medieval times were the one of the most gruesome and bloodiest times in all of history. There were no great achievements such as scientific discoveries, the come up of great leaders, or any fantastic art produced. Hence the name, “the Dark Age”. All there was in this time was disease and death, which people were very desperate to move passed. Thus, people turned to medieval pilgrimage. This was a complete devotion to God and Jesus by making long journeys to sacred places. It was a spiritual travel to find redemption from all the bloodshed in the medieval times. People believed they were innately evil and born from sin, so they looked for salvation and redemption
Burton, D. (2011). The History of Mathematics: An Introduction. (Seventh Ed.) New York, NY. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
The history of math has become an important study, from ancient to modern times it has been fundamental to advances in science, engineering, and philosophy. Mathematics started with counting. In Babylonia mathematics developed from 2000B.C. A place value notation system had evolved over a lengthy time with a number base of 60. Number problems were studied from at least 1700B.C. Systems of linear equations were studied in the context of solving number problems.