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Effects of domestic violence on victims
Effects and causes of domestic violence
Effects of domestic violence on victims
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CRIMINOLOGY PROJECT
Domestic Violence and the response of Criminal Justice system in India
Submitted by
Manojkumar A
Roll no : 66035
IPS Officer trainee 66RR
The world report on Violence and health defines violence as "the intentional use of physical force or power, threatened or actual, against oneself, another person, or against a group or community that either results in or has a high likelihood of resulting in injury, death, psychological harm, mal development, or deprivation”. Violence can be self directed, interpersonal or Collective. Suicides are self directed violence while riots, communal clashes or pogrom are collective violence. This paper deals with one of the most important interpersonal violence i.e. Domestic Violence. Domestic Violence is a gender based violence which aims at subordinating the women. Domestic violence is present throughout the world irrespective of the development that the country has undergone. It is neither based on literacy nor on poverty. Women in developed countries like the United States of America also face a lot of domestic
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If so, at which level and its nature? Although India is not an exception to the domestic violence, it is difficult to quantify such happenings. It is present in all levels of the society. The patriarchal nature of Indian society makes it even more conducive for the occurrence of domestic violence. The actual number of cases will be much higher than that of the reported ones. Not only married women but also unmarried, widowed, single divorced also victims of such
Every year about 4000 women die in the U.S. because of the domestic violence. Every year this number gets higher and higher. Even though we live in the 21st century people can’t find the way to improve the situation. But before searching for the solution, people should understand what domestic violence is. According to Encyclopedia Britannica, domestic violence is: “any abuse—including physical, emotional, sexual, or financial—between intimate partners, often living in the same household” (Encyclopedia Britannica). Most of the people believe that domestic
“Domestic violence is an emotional, physical, psychological, or sexual abuse perpetrated against a person by a person's spouse, former spouse, partner, former partner or by the other parent of a minor child” (McCue 2). While it is these things, the violence is also considered a pattern of demeanor used to establish power and control over another person with whom an intimate relationship is or has been shared through fear and intimidation (“Domestic Violence Sourcebook” 9). It has many names, including spouse abuse, domestic abuse, domestic assault, battering, partner abuse, marital strife, marital dispute, wife-beating, marital discord, woman abuse, dysfunctional relationship, intimate fighting, mate beating, and so on (2). Donna Shalala, Secretary of Health and Human Accommodations, believes that domestic violence is “terrorism in the home” (2). This type of abuse involves threats, harm, injury, harassment, control, terrorism, or damage to living beings/property (2). It isn't only in relationships with spouses, it also occurs within family, elderly, and children (9).
Domestic violence is an act of crime which occurs in domestic household units. It is also known as as spousal abuse or family violence. Domestic violence is not only related to physical abuse but also emotional, sexual, financial, mental and verbal threats. According to ( Human Right Watch, 1995) cited from Macionis, John J., 2008. Domestic violence is defined as bodily harm, usually accompanied by verbal threats and harassment, emotional abuse or the destruction of property as means of coercion, control, revenge, or punishment on a person with whom the abuser is in intimate relationship. Besides that, according to an article by Women’s Aid, the government defines violence as any incident of threatening behavior, violence or abuse (psychological, physical, sexual, financial or emotional) between adults who are or have been intimate partners or family members, regardless of gender or sexuality. Domestic violence can happen and may happen to any individual despite their gender, social class or status, life style, age, family background, race, ethnicity or place of living. Any individual can be a victim of domestic violence. Based on an article titled Physical Violence against Women the World Health Organization reported that 40 to 70 percent of women were murdered in the United States, Canada, Australia and Israel by their husbands or male partners.
Domestic violence is a violent act towards a person who is or has previously been an intimate partner. It is more common for males to carry out violent acts against their female spouse and while far less common females have also committed violent acts against their partners as well as issues with same sex partners (Davis 2008). Consequently, this behaviour can often lead to domestic homicide.
Today, the heartbreaking actuality with domestic violence is genuine because we have or had an encounter with these ourselves. We also know someone that has or has come across with domestic violence. Domestic violence is a prototype of sadistic actions exemplified by the intention to acquire or sustain authority and domination over an intimate partner or other family members. There are vigorous actions or risks of dynamic actions with behaviors that terrorize, manipulate, segregate, terrify, coerce, imminent, and point the finger at, indignant, harm, or wound partner and or other family members. Domestic violence can withstand many forms:
Violence is common around the world. We see it everyday, but what happens when violence enters the home of a married couple or a simple relationship. What was once a happy couple in love suddenly takes a sudden turn into violent and aggressive behavior. A behavior which is addressed as Domestic Violence. There is much more to the matter, such as causes, preventing the violence, treatments and who it affects. All which play a very important role in the world of domestic violence.
1. What is domestic violence? Are there different types of violence? Domestic violence is any abusive, violent, coercive, forceful, or threatening act inflicted by one member of a family or household on another. The court, Vaughn summarized domestic abuse as, abuse by a family member inflicted on those who are weaker and less able to defend themselves -- almost invariably a child or a woman -- is a violation of the most basic human right, the most basic condition of civilized society: the right to live in physical security, free from the fear that brute force will determine the conditions of one’s daily life.
It is a violence where men are dominant and women are dehumanized in the situation. Copelon shares some very shocking facts in her chapter. She mentions how studies have shown that between 20 and 67% of women have been in relationships where they experience intimate violence. Also, she states that domestic violence is the leading cause of death among women.
Introduction to Intimate Partner Violence Intimate partner violence (IPV) is a tremendously serious social and public health problem. Progression of intimate partner violence can lead to morbidity or mortality and affect various types of relationships. An intimate partner is one that is described by frequent contact, identifying as a couple, emotional bonding, and regular physical and/or sexual contact. A few examples of intimate partners include dating partners, spouses, girlfriends or boyfriends, and sexual partners. Violence within these intimate relationships can be psychological, physical, or sexual and present in heterosexual relationships, homosexual relationships, and to disabled partners in relationships.
According to (Farney and Valente, 35-49), domestic violence is a major concern in the society, considering the fact that it affects the community in a detrimental way. Basically, domestic violence involves negative acts carried out on a person, which often tend to undermine and control the person. Such acts mostly involve physical violence apart from emotional abuse, with intent of manipulating one of the parties in relationships. From this, definitely, domestic violence is an issue that affects the health as well as social-economic state of individuals, and on top of all, it is a human rights issue. Reason being, there is downplay of human rights such as the right to equality coupled with security and freedom among many other rights through domestic violence.
Domestic Violence -is a pattern of coercive and controlling behaviors and tactics by one person to gain power and control over a partner (Halket, Gormley, Mello, Rosenthal, &Mirkin, 2014).
Therefore, domestic violence is a form of oppression and control usually perpetrated against women and/or children and is defined by the social work dictionary as abuse of children, older people, spouses, and others in the home usually by another member of the family or other residents. The social problem in which one's property health or life are endangered or on as a result of the intentional behavior of another family member (Barker, 2003).
The APA task force on violence and the family, has defined domestic violence as a pattern of abusive behaviors including a wide range of physical, sexual, and psychological maltreatment used by one person in an intimate relationship against another to gain power unfairly or maintain that persons misuse of power, control, and authority. Psychological studies have shown that when one form of violence was found in a family, other forms were more likely to also occur, and that violence in the family has a direct relationship to community violence and other forms of aggression and gender-based violence. There is also something called a “domestic quarrel” although psychological research indicates that without an intervention, abusers are unlikely to seek help to stop their battering behavior. Psychological research also demonstrates that there is a strong relationship between violence at home and violence in the community. It shows that violence is in fact a learned behavior that is passed down from one generation to the next.
J. Totman made a study that 120 female murderers in the U.S.A. where there was 40% of the women killed their husbands or lovers. When violence has already occurred in the family unfortunately the mother will turn on her children (Burby 25). One third to one fifth of women have to visit the emergency room because of their husbands or lovers (Burby 17). For many middle and upper class women, domestic violence is a secret usually a silent affair (Domestic Violence 18). Domestic violence is the biggest reason why women have the most emergency room visits.
Patil. L. Santosh. The “Domestic Violence Against Women in India”.