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Development of american literature
American literature and society
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In an effort to escape the tyrannical wrath of King George III and his poor regime, large numbers of outsiders traveled to America during its early developmental period. Michel-Guillaume-Jean de Crèvecoeur, one foreigner amongst the masses to journey to America, wrote Letters from an American Farmer in 1782, which reflects on early America. His writing presents America and its citizens with an overall positive image, whereas his representation and attitude towards Europe was critically unfavorable. By applying positively charged words to describe America, and negatively charged words to portray Europe, Crèvecoeur’s diction clearly conveys his contrasting stance between Europe and America.
Crèvecoeur begins his essay by establishing the background of Americans with regard to their reasoning for abandoning their homeland, Europe. The poor Europeans lived in “a continual scene of sore affliction” and received “nothing but the frowns of the rich.” When European’s arrived in America, they left behind “jails and punishments” that accompanied Europe’s “severe laws.” America provided refuge to those who constantly suffered in Europe.
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Crèvecoeur purposely displays the Americans’ previous experiences in Europe with negatively loaded words and phrases to provide a stark distinction between their harsh pasts and their newly improved lives in America. As a result of this contrast, Crèvecoeur’s positive attitude of America is highlighted through the negativity attributed to Europe. Although Crèvecoeur shows an overall positive image of Americans, he shows a slight arrogant tone towards their pasts.
According to Crèvecoeur, the Americans were previously “wretches” who “wandered about” and “were so many useless plants.” Instead of evoking disdain towards the Americans, Crèvecoeur used these phrases with negative connotations to draw out empathy for their difficulties that occurred in Europe. This somewhat elitist tone assists him to express his favorable view of America by accentuating its invigorating effects on its citizens. America’s “new laws,” “new mode of living,” and “new social system” helped them become formally ranked as citizens and “like all other plants they have taken root and flourished.” These words and phrases, with positive connotations, exhibit Crèvecoeur’s view on America as a “regenerative”
country. Crèvecoeur ends his essay with a positive tone because he strongly believes that Americans are “western Pilgrims” that will bring “a great mass of arts, sciences, vigor, and industry” across the globe. The enthusiasm Crèvecoeur shows of the “great changes” that he expects from Americans and their descendants emphasizes his tone. His diction on America’s outlook illustrates his belief that America will be an important country that brings greatness to the rest of the world. Crèvecoeur concludes his passage with favorable expectations for America’s future, thus demonstrating his eager attitude towards the newly formed nation.
Dubbed as “The Greatest Country in the World” by god knows who, America is not as awesome and free as some may see. In doing a close reading of Heather Christle’s “Five Poems for America”, we can see how the author uses metaphors to portray a flawed American, specifically within its political system, religion, obsession with technology and basic human rights. Americans have been living with the oppression of these everyday issues, completely oblivious thus creating the America we infamously know today.
Our history books continue to present our country's story in conventional patriotic terms. America being settled by courageous, white colonists who tamed a wilderness and the savages in it. With very few exceptions our society depicts these people who actually first discovered America and without whose help the colonists would not have survived, as immoral, despicable savages who needed to be removed by killing and shipping out of the country into slavery. In her book, The Name of War: King Philip's War and the Origins of American Identity, Jill Lepore tells us there was another side to the story of King Philip’s War. She goes beyond the actual effects of the war to discuss how language, literacy, and privilege have had lasting effects on the legacy that followed it.
Written sometime after A People’s History of the United States, the play on words might indicate the authors’ intent to refute the biased nature of the older book, and redeem the major players. Chapter one begins covering the year 1492-1707 with the age of European discovery. Schweikart and Allen focus of the catchy phrase “God, glory, and gold” as the central motives for exploration, emphasizing the desire to bring the Gospel to the New World. They paint native settlers as “thieves” and “bloodthirsty killers who pillage for pleasure” (Allen 1). The narrative continues, discussing the explorers from Portugal and Spain and their contact with the Arabs and Africans. The authors quote Columbus as saying “[he] hoped to convert them ‘to our Holy Faith by love rather than by force’” (4) a contrary portrayal to that in A People’s History of the United States. The authors continue on to discuss the French and English and the foundations for success in the New World; how people lived in the Colonial South. They write about the physical labor, the natural resources, and the food. Schweikart and Allen enlighten the readers about early slavery, the start of the House of Burgesses, the founding of Plymouth, Massachusetts, the Pequot Indian War, the English Civil War, Bacon’s Rebellion, Pennsylvania’s settlement, and the
Michel-Guillaume-Jean de Crevecoeur was a French born citizen who moved to New York and became a naturalized citizen of Great Britain. After living in America as a citizen for a while, Crevecoeur decided to write an essay titled “Letters from an American Farmer”. During this time, tensions in America between the colonists and loyalists were increasing, and because of this the idea of America as a sovereign nation and territory was becoming popular. Crevecoeur wrote this essay in order to discuss what it means to be an American, and why people should be honored to be called an American. Crevecoeur believes that America is a melting pot of the world, and is full of opportunities for anyone who lives there. In order to back up his claim, Crevecoeur uses rhetorical devices, especially pathos, while he does also use ethos and logos as well.
Edward, Rebecca and Henretta, James and Self, Robert. America A Concise History. 5th ed. Boston: Bedford/ St. Martin’s, 2012.
America was born and survived, its rough road into a nation, through a series of events, or moments in history. The founding brother’s book is about a few important figures during and after the American Revolution. These important figures consisted of Alexander Hamilton, Aaron Burr, John Adams, George Washington, James Madison, and Thomas Jefferson. Each of these men, contributed to the building of America in one way or another. The book breaks these contributions into a few short stories, to help understand what these important figures did.
The tone of the short story “America and I” changed dramatically over the course of the narrative. The author, Anzia Yezierska, started the story with a hopeful and anxious tone. She was so enthusiastic about arriving in America and finding her dream. Yezierska felt her “heart and soul pregnant with the unlived lives of generations clamouring for expression.” Her dream was to be free from the monotonous work for living that she experienced back in her homeland. As a first step, she started to work for an “Americanized” family. She was well welcomed by the family she was working for. They provided the shelter Yezierska need. She has her own bed and provided her with three meals a day, but after a month of working, she didn’t receive the wage she was so
During the late 1800's and early 1900's hundreds of thousands of European immigrants migrated to the United States of America. They had aspirations of success, prosperity and their own conception of the American Dream. The majority of the immigrants believed that their lives would completely change for the better and the new world would bring nothing but happiness. Advertisements that appeared in Europe offered a bright future and economic stability to these naive and hopeful people. Jobs with excellent wages and working conditions, prime safety, and other benefits seemed like a chance in a lifetime to these struggling foreigners. Little did these people know that what they would confront would be the complete antithesis of what they dreamed of.
In the early 1700’s Abigail Adams decided to write a letter to her son, John Quincy Adams, explaining why she was so insistent on him going to the voyage to France. She only knew that this trip would be beneficial for him as he already had an advantage for knowing the French language. In Abigail Adams’ Letter to Her Son, (1780) she argues that pushing him into going on this journey also made herself feel guilty, but knows that it will only give J.Q. Adams the great experience needed to grow and mature. She advises him on going by using her ‘motherly tone,’ comparing him to past authorities, such as great Cicero, as well as using his great nationalism to convince him even more that this trip is necessary for him.
Tindall, George B., and David E. Shi. America: A Narrative History. 9thth ed. Vol. 1. New York: W. W. Norton & Company, Inc, 2013. N. pag. Print.
When the first American settlement on Roanoke Island was established in 1585 it’s primary force, Sir Walter Raleigh, had no idea that this “New World” would evolve into one of the most powerful voices in the modern world. But before it developed it would have to shaped by it’s founders from the Western world. Two of the largest voices in America’s early development are John Smith, who with a group of English merchants, hoped to get rich in this new land, and William Bradford, a puritan farmer who was one of the most influential men involved with the Mayflower compact. In their two pieces they both convey America as a place to escape but fail to reach many other similar conclusions on what America was like at this time.
In the late 1700’s, precisely 1784, Benjamin Franklin wrote an informative essay titled, Information to Those Who Would Remove to America. It was printed out as a pamphlet for people in Europe to clarify the endless rumors about America being the land of dreams and fantasy. He clearly states what’s needed and wanted in America, and what’s not welcomed there. The essay also shows us how American culture is portrayed and what they hold highly as opposed to what Europe sees.
In “ A Description of New England ”, Smith starts by describing the pleasure and content that risking your life for getting your own piece of land brings to men. On the other hand, Bradford reminds us how harsh and difficult the trip to the New World was for the p...
The native’s attitude towards pilgrims, the original laissez faire attitude of the British government towards colonies, and the French attacks during the revolution are all examples of such events. Such events in turn display how continuous effort trough hardship is indeed rewarded by destiny; a destiny often seen by many to be America’s role as the greatest nation on the world. Such belief both contradicts and emphasizes Crevecoeurs utopian society as seen by James C. Mohr in “Calculated Disillusionment: Crèvecoeur 's Letters Reconsidered”. The lines, “America 's destiny is to carry forward the highest ideals and achievements of those previous civilizations, even though their complete realization will certainly be impossible. The "new man," this American, is a person either foolish enough or heroic enough to try to pursue such a destiny.” (Mohr 4), display such belief of America’s destiny to become the peak of civilization and pursue the impossible utopia. This journey can be seen as the Jeffersonian pursuit of happiness also seen during this time period in which the average joe can, trough effort, achieve a dream. This hope given to citizens is a driving force for the same to believe they should give the rest of the world the same opportunity and allow them to achieve their
As someone who has an intense curiosity about Europe, I am very interested with the different culture between North America and Europe. Even though North America has a common heritage with European ties, we have different cultures that have led to unique experiences that give us differing worldviews. All over the world, people are familiar with the idea of “The American Dream”; this phrase shows that America was seen as “a beacon of hope”1, globally and in America. However, according to Jeremy Rifkin, “the American Spirit is tiring and languishing in the past”2 and is being replaced by “The European Dream”.