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Related studies about self-efficacy
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2.1 Self-Efficacy Self-efficacy has been studied in several previous studies. There are some definitions of self-efficacy in the prior studies. According toBandura (1982, p. 122), self-efficacy is dealing with the employee’s belief regarding how well he/she can execute the action required to deal with potential situations. Moreover, Gist and Mitchell (1992) assert that Self-efficacy is an individual’s confidence in his/her capability to achieve a better performanceon a particular task. Accordingly, it denotes an employee’s judgment with respect to his/her skills and abilities to perform a job properly. On the other hand, several authors (e.g., Elias et al., 2013; Karatepe et al., 2006) definethat self-efficacy is not only in individual level but also as a group or team level. It refers to the employees’ belief in their capabilities to perform jobs efficiently. Accordingly, the researchers argue that self-efficacy can be occurred at the team level as well as at the individual level. Furthermore, several authors also revealed an additional dimension of self-efficacy, known as creative self-efficacy. Creative self-efficacy eludes to an employee’s belief in his/her ability to perform his/her job (2013) discriminatory of job, which is related to employee well-being at work, has a relationship with employee’s quality such as self-efficacy. Moreover, Sonnentag, Binnewies, and Mojza (2010) assert that psychological well-being of an employee will lead to his/her efficacy in doing his/her job. On the other hand, self-efficacy can be occurred in the form of employee’s self-confidence to find a creative way to solve his/her job. Accordingly, we argue that employee well-being is also related to creative self-efficacy. When an employee has got a better well-being, he/she might have a better ability to find a creative way in solving his/her problem. Therefore, we hypothesize that employee well-being is an antecedent of creative self-efficacy
Self-efficacy is the beliefs that people have about their ability to meet the demands of a specific situation. People acquire new behaviors that strengthen their beliefs of self-efficacy through observational learning and experiences. When people perform a task successfully, their self-efficacy becomes stronger. On the other hand, if people fail to deal effectively with a particular task or situation, their sense of self-efficacy is undermined. During the interview, Jordan needs to show that he has a high degree of self-confidence. He needs to tell the interviewer that he has the ability to meet the standard of the job and is able to adapt to many
Also, Bandura focused on self-efficacy. Self-efficacy means that the individual will feel as if they are worthy of the best (Schultz & Schultz, 2013). “People low in self-efficacy feel helpless, unable to exercise control over life events” (Schultz & Schultz, 2013, p. 338). Although Antwone joined the navy, he was still haunted by his past. His models taught him to not enjoy being intimate with anothe...
Zhou, Q., Hirst, G., & Shipton, H. (2012). Promoting creativity at work: The role of problem-solving demand. Applied Psychology: An International Review, 61(1), 56-80. doi:10.1111/j.1464-0597.2011.00455.x
Tierney, P., Farmer, T.M. and Graen, G.B. (1999), An examination of leadership and employee creativity: the relevance of traits and relationships, Personnel Psychology, Vol. 52, 591-620.
The article defines Self-Efficacy (SE) as a person belief in his/her ability to perform a particular behavior successfully. Researcher suggests mothers’ self-efficacy (MSE) can be directly linked to the increase or decline of a child language development (Albarran & Reich, 2013). This theory is explored by observing 2 factors, perceived barriers and parents’ knowledge and exposure to reading material concerning child development. There are 3 barrier discussed in these article’s. Parent centered barrier looks at the particular situation that would prevent or in decrease a parent from interacting with a child i.e. being too tire, having to work, or just being too busy. Child –centered barriers focus on the child lack of interest in any particular task i.e. being fussy, tired or just not being interested. The last barrier is structural; this particular barrier looks at environment factor that should possible effect (MSE) i.e. nosy back ground, and little exposure to reading material (Lin, Reich, Kataoka, & Farkas, 2015).
Resnick, B. (2003). The theory of self-efficacy. In M. Smith & P. Liehr (Eds.), Middle Range
Self-Efficacy is the notion that an individuals ' beliefs about their capabilities to produce designated levels of performance when participating in events that affect their lives (Bandura, 1994). An individual 's perceived self-efficacy is related to motivation in that if an individual believes he or she has the capability to perform a task, and that performance will then lead to a positive result, the individual will be motivated to perform (Bandura, 1994). Self – Efficacy is affected in four ways through mastery experiences, vicarious experiences, social persuasion, and emotional states.
Locke, Edwin A. (1997). Self-efficacy: the exercise of control. Personnel Psychology, 50 (3), 801-804. Retrieved May 2, 2011, from ProQuest Psychology Journals. (Document
30). In 2001, Bearden et al. affirm that self-confidence is correlated with people’s behaviors and their decisions in general. Individuals who have solid self-confidence express high level of self-esteem, self-regard and more sense of pride to themselves (Chuang et al., 2013). Their tendency is more optimistic in most of circumstances (Rosenberg, 1979) and when they are facing complicated situations, self-confidence plays an important role in supporting their decisions (Bearden et al, 2001). The characteristics of self-confidence indicated by White (2009) are trusted in positive accomplishment (self-assertion and optimism), persistence (endurance, flexibility, goal setting and anticipation) and self-awareness (judgment, intrinsic part and worries). On the other hand, the low level of self-confidence will make people feel pessimistic and less self-respect, they can only view their inappropriateness, imperfection and valuelessness (Rosenberg, 1979). Some researchers determine the determinants of self-confidence as precise knowledge and self-efficacy (De Cremer & Van Hiel; 2008). Self-confidence is not an inborn attribute, it can be shaped and progressed through the experiences of figuring out how to encounter with the
Self-efficacy is the belief that someone has the inherent ability to achieve a goal. A student who has a high self-efficacy allows himself to believe that he can be successfully academically.(Bozo & Flint, 2008) He believes that a challenging problem is a task that can be mastered This student is more committed to work in the classroom. (Schunk,1991). On the other hand, a student who has a low level of self-efficacy is likely to be academically motivated. He is more likely to avoid a task that is difficult, give up, make excuses, or lose confidence in his abilities (Margolis & McCabe, 2006). This failure becomes a self-fulfilling prophecy. Teachers need to find ways to motivate these students by increasing their self-efficacy.
Self-efficacy: Toward a Unifying Theory of Behavioral Change. Psychological Review, 84, pp191-215. Gecas, V. (1989). The Social Psychology of Self-Efficacy. Annual Review of Sociology.
McCormick M.J., Tanguma J.,López-Forment A.S, (2002) 'Extending Self-Efficacy Theory to Leadership: A Review and Empirical Test ', Journal of Leadership Education,1(2), pp. 34-49 [Online]. Available at:http://www.leadershipeducators.org/Resources/Documents/jole/2002_winter/JOLE_1_2_McCormick_Tanguma_Lopez-Forment.pdf (Accessed: 2nd May 2014).
Psychological safety and self-efficacy are closely related (Al-Refaie, 2013; Edmondson, 1999). Psychological safety is a shared belief among team members for interpersonal risk taking (Edmondson, 1999). It is an employee’s safety feeling in doing the job without negative consequences on self-image, status or career (Brown & Leigh, 1996; Kahn, 1990; May, Gilson, & Harter, 2004). Moreover in organisational context, it refers to the basic belief about how other people in the organization will respond to an individual member choice which may be risky for the organisation (Cannon & Edmondson, 2001). Hence, in other words, psychological safety is a safety feeling of employees for fear of negative impact on their position, such as being rejected, embarrassed or punished by their organisation members due to their activities (Brueller & Carmeli, 2011; Nembhard & Edmondson, 2006; Tynan, 2005; Zhang, Fang, Wei, & Chen, 2010).
The difference between the skills needed on the job and those possessed by applicants, sometimes called the skills-gap, is of real concern to human resource managers and business owners looking to hire competent employees. While employers would prefer to hire people who are trained and ready to go to work, they are usually willing to provide the specialized, job-specific training necessary for those lacking such skills. Most discussions concerning today’s workforce eventually turn to employability skills. Finding workers who have employability or job readiness skills that help them fit into and remain in the work environment is a real problem. Employers need reliable, responsible workers who can solve problems and who have the social skills and attitudes to work together with other workers. Creativity, once a trait avoided by employers who used a cookie cutter system, is now prized among employers who are trying to create the empowered, high performance workforce needed for competitiveness in today’s marketplace. Employees with these skills are in demand and are considered valuable human capital assets to companies. Employability skills are those basic skills necessary for getting, keeping, and doing well on a job. These are the skills, attitudes and actions that enable workers to get along with their fellow workers and supervisors and to make sound, critical decisions. Unlike occupational or technical skills, employability skills are generic in nature rather than job specific and cut across all industry types, business sizes, and job levels from the entry-level worker to the senior-most position. Job readiness skills are clustered into three skill sets: basic academic skills, higher order thinking skills, personal qualities Employability skills are those basic skills necessary for getting, keeping, and doing well on a job. Employability skills are teachable skills.
The concept of self-efficacy is grounded in Bandura’s (1977) social learning theory. Bandura (1994) defines perceived self-efficacy as “people’s beliefs about their capabilities to produce efforts” (p. 71). In essence, one having strong self-efficacy experience increase in motivation, accomplishment, and personal well-being ( Bandura, 1994). Those with a low sense of self-efficacy, on the other hand, often suffer stress and depression; unbelieving of their capabilities and often succumbed to failure (Bandura, 1994).