Second hand sources Investigation task
Costa Rica earth quake
(name and cause)
The Costa Rica earthquake occurred on September 12 2012 with a 7.6 magnitude. It was the second strongest earthquake in Costa Rica's history since the 1991 limon earthquake. So what was the cause of it? Costa Rica is known to lie directly above the subduction zone this is where the majority of the largest earthquakes occur, due to the subduction zones having a large area of lithospheric plates sliding against each other, and negative buoyancy force driving the plate consuming process ceaselessly. In Costa Rica’s case it occurred as an outcome of the thrust faulting on the plate interface.
(damaged caused, cost to the economy and deaths that resulted from the
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Some examples were:
Two people dying, one from a heart attack and another, a construction worker, crushed by a collapsing wall.
Buildings damaged, which included broken windows, cracks on walls, and materials detached from the buildings.
In total 169 houses were damaged. the Hospital Monseñor Sanabria in Puntarenas suffered damage, and the building partially closed. School classes were cancelled for one day in stricken areas and students evacuated.
Fifty-five thousand people deprived of running water in the provinces of Puntarenas and Guanacaste. Water tank in Filadelfia collapsed.
Power losses were reported in some areas in and around the capital city San José and in the Nicoya Peninsula and the Chira Island.
GSM and 3G services were interrupted in some places near the epicentre. And According to a preliminary estimation from the Costa Rican government, the earthquake caused a loss of about $22.36 billion.
(likely
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1. Rapid Altimeter Surveying of Prior Coastal Monuments – Barometric altimeter used to determine comparative pre & post-earthquake elevations of known survey monuments (e.g. coast geodetic survey "mojones", telephone poles, sign posts, etc.). These sites were measured rapidly to determine comparative elevations above present tide, previous high tide line, and highest high tide debris lines (along beach berm and/or inner edge of pocket beaches).
2. Reoccupation of Pre-Earthquake Beach Profile Survey Lines – Hand level, stadia rod, and tape measure used to survey coast-perpendicular beach profiles at sites that had been surveyed prior to the earthquake (over the past several years). These survey data provide comparative pre & post-earthquake elevation profiles relative to mean sea level (based on tidal levels at time of survey).
3. Surveying of Pre & Post-Earthquake High Tide Debris Lines - Hand level, stadia rod, and tape measure used to survey coast perpendicular beach profiles at new sites to determine elevation difference between the post-earthquake recent high tide debris lines (at time of survey) and pre-earthquake highest high tide debris line (along former beach berm or sea cliff inner
* A decrease in pebble size in the direction of long shore drift. * An increase in pebble roundness in the direction of long shore drift. I visited the two extreme ends of the beach, Gore point at the west and Hurl stone point at the east, at each end I measured: * The shape of the beach known as the beach profile, using a tape measurer and a clinometer. A clinometer measures the angle of a slope. * The size and shape of a sample of pebbles.
It is being managed by the local council in two different ways. These include; a rip-rap wall, dune stabilization. The rip-rap wall consists of large rocks which have been piled up at an angle. Behind the rip-rap wall the land use is mainly commercial, but there is also some residential land-use. This method has been used because human land-use is right on top of the ocean, and in order to defend these buildings a hard option is required.
Semaphore Beach is affected by many factors such as natural processes and human impacts including marine litter and the discharge of stormwater. Therefore, several plans have been employed to ensure that the coast is supported through the method of counteracting erosion. However in the future, many management strategies have been put into consideration as well as the environmental, economic and social impacts as well as the predicted consequences. These impacts include traffic related incidents, noises and air pollution and the disruption of wildlife and the erosion of dunes. A method that should be considered for future management of the beach is the use of a concave sea wall, although efficient, this structure would be quite costly. Without the use of coastal management, Semaphore Beach would be unsupported, therefore negatively being affected by a variety of
Barrier Beaches stretch along the entire east coast of the United States. The barrier beaches from Long Island to Maine are known as Glaciated Coasts because their formation was assisted by glaciers. Eighteen thousands years ago a glacier covered most of the eastern US. This glacier terminated at present day Long Island. About fifteen thousands years ago the glacier began to retreat. As it melted it left behind mounds of rubble, called moraines. This particular glacier left behind two moraines because its final recession was a two part process. These two moraines are the Ronkonkoma Moraine and the Harbor Hill Moraine. The Ronkonkoma Moraine is located in central Long Island and the Harbor Hill Moraine is located on the northern part of Long Island. Besides the two moraines the glaciers deposited great amounts of debris offshore. This debris supplies the sand needed to create and maintain a barrier beach system (Hoel 16-18).
To do so, various stages of protection work were carried out. The first of these was the main protection of the cliff face; the aim was to prevent any falling rock and also cliff retreat with the hope that this would affect the input sediment rate, slowing it down. An extremely important coastal work implemented at the cliff sites from Hastings eastwards towards Fairlight. It was important however, to implement such works on the cliffs, because of their composition or geology that being soft sandstone with a shingle base all along the coastline.
The Fredonia Earthquake that took place in Fredonia, Arizona on July 21st, 1959 was the largest earthquake to ever strike the state and it triggered a rockslide at Mather Point in the Grand Canyon.
All of the falling debris caused concerete dust to fill the air resulting in air pollution. The thousands of fires that broke out made smoke and debris travel for miles causing air pollution.Spilling of hazardous chemicals contaminating water supply, wildlife homes, and food supply.("The Great 1906 San Francisco Earthquake")
... consider some ideas of what can be done to further enhance the management of the coastal issue. Using the research action plan, I aim to acquire a sophisticated understanding of longshore drift, coastal management and implementations of coastal issues, through the research action plan. Most importantly, I will include various diagrams explaining how the process of longshore drift occurs and what implementations it has on coastal environments, accompanied by an explanation of how the issue is being managed, a detailed outline of the geographical processes involved and a discussion of the impacts of the issue and why it is important.
Earthquakes in California are certainly not a surprise. What is a surprise is their unpredictability and randomness. Geologists say there is roughly a 50 percent chance that a magnitude 8 or more quake will hit the Los Angeles area sometime over the next 30 years. And, over the past twenty years, the Los Angeles area has witnessed several earthquakes, and in particular, two that were quite devastating; the 1971 San Fernando earthquake, and the January 17, 1994, Northridge Earthquake. Given the certainty that earthquakes will occur, they still seem to come as a surprise, and leave many communities unprepared to deal with their aftermath.
Many people have lost their homes so the government had to help with the construction of houses. Many infrastructures, and buildings were destroyed. as well as the. Cottages were built for the survivors of the earthquake. The Congress gave funds in order to reconstruct many public buildings that were damaged by the earthquake or fire.
The physical damage done to San Francisco due to the earthquake was extensive. The earthquake caused gas lines to rupture and chimneys to collapse which resulted in perhaps the greatest devastation from the earthquake, the fires. About fifty fires broke out around the city that in combination with the earthquake caused the destruction of about 28,000 buildings (The Great San Francisco Earthquake: One of America's Worst Urban Disasters. 2005). The fires continued to burn for four days because the water mains had burst; therefore, the hydrants had no water. Desperation sunk in and the fire department and military, having no water to stop the fires, used dynamite to create firebreaks. This ultimately backfired and led to the fires expanding. When the fires stopped, the city was left in ruins with 80% of it being destroyed (Dean. Pg 506).
Surfers, swimmers and sunbathers use beaches for recreation. People fish off beaches for food. Since many people take their vacations at the beach, lots of beaches in tropical locations are important to their country’s economy. Entire cities, regions and countries depend on the money tourists spend while visiting the beach. Beaches are naturally very dynamic places, but people try to control them and build permanent structures, such as houses, restaurants, shops and hotels, on or near the shore. The natural erosion and deposition of beaches becomes a problem. Beaches con disappear over time, or even over night during severe storms. Beaches are areas of loose sediment (sand, gravel, cobbles) controlled by ocean processes. Most beaches have several characteristic features. First are offshore bars, which help protect beaches from erosion. Next is the foreshore, which rises from the water toward the crest of the next feature; a berm. On low-lying shores, dunes form behind beaches. Dunes look like rolling hills of sand and are blown into place by the wind. New, smaller dunes are often changing shape as the wind continues to affect them. Waves and currents move the accumulated sediment constantly creating, eroding and changing the coastlines.
An earthquake occurs abruptly and causes severs damage to people, property, landscape and more. A great mega-thrust earthquake, known as the Great Tohoku Earthquake has shaken Japan at 5:46:24 UTC on March 11, 2011. It caused a severe disaster, including tsunami and nuclear radiation exposure.. This mega-quake located at the latitude 38.297 degree North and longitude of 142.372 degree East, near the east coast of Honshu, Japan (USGS, 2013). An earthquake and tsunami waves caused widespread damage to many areas of Japan. People in Japan are still recovering from the damages.
Buchanan, B., Collard, M., & Edinborough, K. (2008). Paleoindian demography and the extraterrestrial impact hypothesis. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 105(33), 11651-11654.
In the early morning hours on January 17th, 1994 a very violent tremble took place across Los Angeles, California area that left fifty-seven people dead, more than 7,000 injured, more than 20,000 homeless and left over 40,000 buildings damaged. Around 4:30 a.m. a horrific 6.7 magnitude earthquake, that tested building codes and earthquake-resistant construction, shook Los Angeles, San Bernardino, Ventura, and Orange Counties with the most intense damage occurring in Sherman Oaks and Northridge. The earthquake caused several bridges and overpasses to collapse closing sections of the Santa Monica Freeway, Simi Valley Freeway, Golden State Freeway, and the Antelope Valley Freeway. There were also several fire outbreaks throughout the San Fernando Valley, Malibu, and Venice area because of underground gas lines that had been ruptured during the earthquake that caused additional damage.