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Criticisms of hegemonic masculinity rethinking the concept
Criticisms of hegemonic masculinity rethinking the concept
Criticisms of hegemonic masculinity rethinking the concept
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The core tenets of neoliberalism contrast to feminism beliefs. It is understood by the feminist theorists that neoliberalism creates gender inequality. The result of this is from the neoliberalism roots of the liberal theory which excluded women from the notion of individuality (McCullough 2017). Feminist require the authority to advocate for them in regards to wage gap, gender inequality and individual freedom. Government intervention allows for upper power to state guidelines and get involved in the economy to create an equal playing field across occupations and rights. McCullough (2017) states, equality is an ideal that is restricted to civil and political equality. However, human nature is believed to be androgynous by feminist, meaning there is no essential male or female nature (Freeland, March 12, Feminism). …show more content…
In a family unit, we vision the father to be the head of the family, and to be ‘wearing the pants’ (Freeland, March 12, Feminism). This not only shapes the view that men should earn more money, it also portrays the ideology that men are in control. In the economy, it is distinctly noticed that men take on higher paying jobs, there is a clear wage gap, as well as, men also take on stronger, more powerful roles. Feminist then argues how government intervention can aid to these issues in their favour. Bhapgwati stated that an economy is in need for both structure, as well as self-interest (Freeland, March 7, Neoliberalism and Libertarianism). Although, Bhapgwati was not a feminist, he grasp the idea that the society in a market economy demand the government to help guide a hand while individuals are looking out for their own self-interests. Therefore, on this bias, feminist theorist disagree that the government’s attempts to interfere with decision-making is
Okin’s suggested policy entitling both the earner and non-earner in a household to the same wage exemplifies how her argument is solely based around Western culture, which stresses rationality, individuality and secularity. Societies and cultures that place greater emphasis on values such as community and group duty, particularly many Asiatic states, may conflict with this idea of an individual wage and the prospect of families being ran like a democracy, potentially putting a limit to Okin’s argument. Despite its practicality by providing specific policies which can be implemented to provide a more gender equal society, Okin’s argument works as more of a groundwork for further feminist liberal political theories rather than a practical working solution to gender injustices. Overall, having a heteronormative Western focus does not mean that her work is too limited to evoke change. Okin still provides an in-depth example of how exactly feminist writers may explore and remedy further gender inequalities in a modern Western society through Rawls’ justice
By linking sociological theory and political reform, feminists aim to end inequalities between men and women in both public and private environments. Feminist theory is where things such as gender, class, and race meet. Emphasis is placed on masculine versus feminine
Society has long since considered women the lessor gender and one of the most highly debated topics in society through the years has been that of women’s equality. The debates began over the meaning between a man and woman’s morality and a woman’s rights and obligations in society. After the 19th Amendment was sanctioned around 1920, the ball started rolling on women’s suffrage. Modern times have brought about the union of these causes, but due to the differences between the genetic makeup and socio demographics, the battle over women’s equality issue still continues to exist. While men have always held the covenant role of the dominant sex, it was only since the end of the 19th century that the movement for women’s equality and the entitlement of women have become more prevalent. “The general consensus at the time was that men were more capable of dealing with the competitive work world they now found themselves thrust into. Women, it was assumed, were unable to handle the pressures outside of the home. They couldn’t vote, were discourages from working, and were excluded from politics. Their duty to society was raising moral children, passing on the values that were unjustly thrust upon them as society began to modernize” (America’s Job Exchange, 2013). Although there have been many improvements in the changes of women’s equality towards the lives of women’s freedom and rights in society, some liberals believe that women have a journey to go before they receive total equality. After WWII, women continued to progress in there crusade towards receiving equality in many areas such as pay and education, discrimination in employment, reproductive rights and later was followed by not only white women but women from other nationalities ...
... “ corporations have done little to accommodate the needs of working parents, and that the government has done little to prod them” ( ) Essentially Hochschild argues that change is possible but really only through government intervention and policy (re)formation. Although the economy was able to transform women it was not able to transform the rest of society. Thus it is up to the government and the corporate sector to do so. If the government were to create “a safer environment for the two-job family” and families in general, men would be drawn out of their gender roles into the lives of children. As a result, women would be greater supported and society as a whole would gear its culture towards a more family oriented atmosphere rather than a capitalistic one. ( )
Basically, life of individuals in a society are based on economic principles. This means the political institution, education, religion, science and etc, depending on the availability of economic resources for survival, it also means that these institutions can not develop within ways that are contrary to the demands of the economic system.
Feminism, in its simplest definition, is the belief that men and women should have equal rights and opportunities. (Webster) Feminists fight for equality for women to men socially, politically, and economically. At the peak of feminist discourse is equality for men and women in education and in employment. However, feminism also focuses on more than issues regarding the rights of women in relation to men. Issues of gender equality and women’s right to control their sexuality are also at the core of feminist theory. A key argument made by many feminists is how women have very little control over their sexuality, mainly being defined and controlled by men. T...
Feminism is a perspective that views gender as one of the most important bases of the structure and organization of the social world. Feminists argue that in most known societies this structure has granted women lower status and value, more limited access to valuable resources, and less autonomy and opportunity to make choices over their lives than it has granted men. (Sapiro 441)
Liberal feminists believe that oppression and inequality must be justified. In other words, any inequality between genders must be explained and justified, in order for it to be accepted by the liberal feminists. According to our textbook, the liberal feminism originated from the social contract theories. Such theories state that all forms of social domination or authority must be justified, according to the textbook. Liberal feminists hold a view that every member of the society should be equal. They also insist that the violent forms of oppression should be controlled throughout the society, for they find domestic violence and violence against women to an unjustifiable form of oppression. They also argue that the development of an individual is usually forced into a gender "channel", where members of different sex groups are gradually taught and instructed to follow a certain particular gender pattern.
Closing the wage gap between men and women is a continuing struggle today in nations all over the world. In many occupations women are paid less overall than their male counterparts. One nation, however, is making strides to bring this disparity in wages into the light. British law will soon require large companies to publish information about the salaries paid to their male and female employees. While this is a great step forward in recognizing the gender pay gap, many women also face many other obstacles to getting equal pay such as the “Mommy Tax” that reporter Ann Crittenden talks about in her piece of the same name (Kirk and Okazawa-Rey 337). Another obstacle for women in the work place that ties into the “Mommy Tax” is how women are generally
1. Liberal Feminists argue that the main cause of female oppression are formal laws and informal rules because they restrict women from achieving public success. 2. Marxist Feminist, on the other hand, argue that the only effective way to successfully end women oppression is to remove a capitalist system and adopt a socialist system. 3. Radical Feminist argue that women sexual and reproductive roles are the main cause for women oppression. 4. Socialist Feminist argue for a woman to be equal to a man she must first change her role in the socialization of children, sexuality, and reproduction. 5. Multicultural Feminists argues the same points as a socialist feminist but also points out that women of different races and ethnicity are treated differently compared to women of other races and ethnicities. 6. Global Feminist and 7. Ecofeminist both argue that the solutions to women’s oppression are incomplete because while one country may strive to lower cases of rape or sexual harassment, it may not be an important topic in another country. 8. Existentialist feminists argue that women are only able to overcome such oppression by first recognizing themselves as equal to man. 9. Psychoanalytic and 10. Cultural Feminist both agree with the points of an existentialist but puts out how women are oppressed at a young age because young boys are usually encouraged to go outside explore
These questions and the objective of my paper are significant to explore because they will help me to better understand my current status as a women in our capitalist economy. Understanding the origin of women’s economic oppression, and other inequalities, is a part of reaching an idea of how to remedy our current situation as women. It is important to me to answer the questions I have laid forth in order to take small steps in personally and possibly publicly, changing the current position of women.
When I think about feminist, I can’t help myself but to think that feminist just hate men. After reading the book, Thinking about Women: The Sociological Perspective on Sex and Gender, I wondered if I was really a feminist. I went on Gotoquiz.com, a website that asked variety of questions to determine if someone was a feminist. I was appalled when the results said that I was a “full blooded feminist”. I believe in women’s rights and equality for all women around the world. Liberal feminism emphasizes the importance of equality for all people around the world, who can exercise individual freedom (Andersen, 367). However, liberal feminism does not explain the start of gender inequality, nor does it explain the effects of race and class stratification on women’s lives (Andersen, 382). Liberal feminist states
The opportunities available to women in the market are not as diverse as those presented to men. Still, the construct of gender ideology influences how employers undertake economic decisions, and that is why companies still have jobs labelled as “men’s work” and occupations categorized as “women’s work.” Indeed, the pervasiveness of gender differences in labor markets is undeniably true, specifically with respect to salary gap between men and women, occupational gender segregation of men and women, and the challenge that women face in terms of juggling their time and attention between their career and family life. There is no denying that the salary of men is far more than that of women’s. In the Great Britain (and other parts of the globe), there are pieces of evidence which suggest that gendered practices of participation in the labor force still have significant impact on the economic security level that men and women develop over the course of their lives (Warren 606).
Feminism is defined as the theory of the political, economic, and social equality of the sexes. It began as an organized activity on behalf of women?s rights and interests. This concept was developed to help women earn a place in a predominantly male society. Unfortunately over the years, the intentions of feminism have become distorted, not only by anti-feminists, but also by the feminists themselves. The principle of equality for women and men has turned into a fight in which feminists wish to be better than men. Feminism has been twisted and misunderstood so much that it has become a harmful idea.
Women’s subordination within the labour market is seen by Marxist feminists as suiting the needs of capitalism as women are considered a ‘reserve army of labour’ as they are a more disposable part of the workforce. According to Beechey (1986) women are a cheap ‘reserve army of labour’ that are brought in during economic booms but then thrown out during slumps. Women are often not members of trade unions and are prepared to work for less money as their wage could be a second income. This benefits capitalism as a group of unemployed people looking for work creates competition and exploitation. Employers are given an advantage which allows them to reduce wages and increase the rate of exploitation. Benston (1972) supports this as women are used to benefitting the operation of the capitalist economy by carrying out unprepared work in the home. This proves that patriarchy dominates women which leads to women’s subordination. Hartmann (1981) believes that patriarchy and the economy both play a crucial role in explaining and understanding gender inequality. Historically, men have controlled women especially by control of labour power. This can come through legislation that operates economically to the benefit of men, for example Maternity and Paternity Rights. This proves that patriarchy and economics together explains gender inequality. However, Walby (1986) argues that women staying at home can actually harm capitalism because if women were to compete for jobs with men this would lower wages and increase profits. Women who earn also have superior spending power which would boost the economy and benefit