Behavioral Theory The behavioral theory involves the formation of associations between stimuli and response (LT, 21). Behaviorism is expressed through conditioning, associating stimuli and responses (LT, 55). As Skinner describes the environment helps to predict the cues for how an individual will respond to a stimulus. Stimuli, response, contingencies are the three contingencies of the basis of behavioral theory. (114). An association through experiences along with trial and error is when learning often occurs. Through trial and error, successful responses are established and unsuccessful ones are abandoned (LT, 73). The shorter time between the stimuli and response the less likely the response will be established. Positive responses are …show more content…
Personal, sociocultural, and physical contexts are all inclusive. When a person visits a museum and their expectations for the museum are surpassed, learning is facilitated. Once a person is motivated to learn, the museum and the person greatly benefit. The individual’s background in regards to their experiences, knowledge, interests, and beliefs play a significant role in their process of learning. Without any prior knowledge or interest, no one would have the desire to visit museums; they would have no motivation to. The basis of a person’s life depicts what they will/want to learn. Museums give each individual their right to choose what to read, visit, and view, how long to stay, etc. Each person is in control and everything is their choice of what to do with the museum. This environment is a very personal one, a great environment for learning at one’s own agenda, making what is learned more prone to stick. …show more content…
Social Cognitive Learning provides a window to develop an educational experience for school children, families, and adults that reflect different styles of learning such as visual or hands-on learners. (EE, 19). Learning through observing models, reading, listening, repetition and reproduction are partial. Observing through hands-on or interactive activities, and motivation based on individual goals of each individual person are all accomplished, demonstrated and provided by any museum setting. These traits of learning through Social Cognitive Theory are offered through museum exhibits, interactive and hands-on displays, works of arts, artifacts, and educational programs. Demonstrations of concepts such as these serve as the environmental conditions that influence learning. (EE,
In Stephen Weil’s essay, he argues “the museum’s role has transformed from one of mastery to one of service” (Weil, 196). According to him, museums have changed their mission from one that cultures the public to one that serves
This project made me understand that enjoying art and appreciating a building’s architecture are not contradictory purposes but complementary aspects of a museum visit. After we leave a museum we don’t only leave with knowledge about art but also with different states of mind that can only be shaped by the environment. The museum experience is a whole package of stimulants such as colour, space, light and movement.
In 1913 a new movement in psychology appeared, Behaviorism. “Introduced by John Broadus Watson when he published the classic article Psychology as the behaviorist views it.” Consequently, Behaviorism (also called the behaviorist approach) was the primary paradigm in psychology between 1920 to 1950 and is based on a number of underlying ‘rules’: Psychology should be seen as a science; Behaviorism is primarily concerned with observable behavior, as opposed to internal events, like thinking and emotion; People have no free will – a person’s environment determines their behavior; Behavior is the result of stimulus resulting in a response; and All behavior is learned from the environment. How we process these stimuli and learn from our surrounds
The main subset of Applied Behavior Analysis is “Stimulus, Operant conditioning, positive reinforcement and punishment and consequences” Stimulus is events and the relationship it has on the Individual Behavior. The relationship of stimulus can be revealed through a method behavior analyst call the ABCs analysis. The more formal term for this method is called “Antecedent, Behavior, Consequence” analysis. The stimulus is represented by the antecedent (events prior to the occurred, behavior) and the Consequence. (Events that precedes a behavior). Behavior Analysis believes these are imperative to understanding behavior and the influence of events. Furthermore, the term operant conditioning behavior corresponds to the stimuli of the consequence. Moreover, the Consequence that precedes a behavior can be positive or negative. The significance of these stimuli is the ability to influence and affect the contingency of the individual target behavior.
Behaviorists believed that actions were responses to stimuli that were learned. The basic concept was that positive responses would be triggered by good stimuli while negative responses would could from bad stimuli. Actions that would produce positive results tended to repeated, while those that led to negative results tended to be avoided.
People are moving at a faster pace through life then ever before. In our technological centered world more work is expected in less time causing people to become over-caffeinated and hyper-connected 24/7. This is where museums can and should step in and give people a space to breathe. However, there in lies the big question. How do museums remain worthwhile to their visitors when all the worlds’ knowledge is at their fingertips?
...eums, more than half the people all over the world would not know or even have the access to what the world has to offer. Since several people cannot travel due to financial restrictions, they are able to go to their cities local museum and educate themselves. Many people may discover a future career path or history that may be relevant in a visitor’s life personally that they would not have discovered without museums. The immense educational possibilities that museums hold alone contribute to their merit. As well, artists rely on museums to promote their work, or the families of artists who own their work after their death. Museums present an opportunity to expose and educate the public for the love of art. Museums house not only history, but also many display artists whose artistic influences and defined styles will be able to influence future generations to come.
...of teaching and learning. Modeling is a good way to promote learning. The teachers can use modeling to promote desired behavior. Teachers can enhance self-efficacy among students by teaching basic knowledge and then skills to mastery. Teacher can assure students that they can be successful and point other successful students like them who have been successful by using the techniques provided by the teacher (Ormrod, 2011). Teachers can promote self-regulated learning by encouraging students to set goals and performing self-evaluation. To conclude social cognitive theory describes learning as an internal phenomenon that may or may not be reflected in behavior and people’s observation of those around them affect their behavior and cognitive processes (Ormrod, 2011).
Over the past years, many influential members of society have contributed theories to education. One of the most familiar and practiced theories in education comes from behaviorist Burrhus Frederic Skinner ( also known as B. F. Skinner) and his theory known as Operant Conditioning. Operant Conditioning was based on the works of Edward Thorndike’s and his 1905 Thorndike’s: Law of Effect theory. The basis of Thorndike’s work was to “empirically test the laws of learning” (McLeod, 2007). Skinner used this as his foundation to perfect his own theory of operant conditioning theory in which he believes that actions that are followed by reinforcement will be strengthened and more likely to occur again (Cherry,2005). Operant Conditioning, which is
“Behavior theory consists of ideas about how human actions and emotions develop, are sustained, and are extinguished through principles of learning” (Walsh, 2010). Positive and negative reinforcement is used to help manipulate the behaviors of the individual. The theory has been used to help eliminate unwanted behaviors. In addition, behavior theory has been use primarily with children, and persons with developmental disabilities. According to Walsh (2010) behavior theory evolved in the 1960s from a field of philosophy to the field of science. Ivan Pavlov discovered classical conditioning, which plays a major role in behavioral theory. Classical conditioning is the process of learning through ones surroundings, conditioned, and unconditioned stimuli and response. B. F. Skinner discovered operant conditioning the process of learning to influence the future responses to the environment (Clark, 2004). The two concepts has been used throughout the behavior theory to help assist clients with unacceptable behaviors that is occurring. The combination of the two concepts has been a very helpful aspect to the behavior theory. Both concepts offer a different approach or solution to the behavior of the client.
A. Behaviorism, constructivism and cognitivism are relatively common theories used in the classroom as ways to approach student learning. Behaviorism focuses on observable behavior, such as students answering questions correctly, or being able to follow directions to complete a task as instructed. Characteristics of a classroom that uses behaviorism might be memorization of facts, writing vocabulary words, or a token reward system to inspire the desired behavior and decrease undesired behaviors. Constructivism, as indicated by the root word “construct,” focuses on the construction of new ideas, or expanding on what is already known. Students in a classroom using constructivism as a means for learning might seem more actively engaged in the learning process; they often learn something new through applying what they already know about the content area, and exploring new matter to further their understanding. This type of classroom often uses hands on manipulatives to allow students to actually build, create, or experiment with what they are learning. A cognitivism approach to learning might be explained by the minds capacity to process information – such as how a learner might remember something, retrieve information, or store new concepts. Learning through this method often depends on how the student processes what the teacher is presenting. Classrooms using this approach might incorporate learning strategies that help students categorize and sequence information to assist with processing. Like constructivism, it can be an active style of learning.
How do people learn? A question of interest for both students and teachers. People are different so it should be obvious that there are different methods of learning and teaching. This paper will focus on the Social Cognitive Learning Theory (SCLT), the Constructivist Learning Theory (CLT) and their connection to practice. How each theory can be used to guide and plan educational programs will be discussed with examples to demonstrate how learning outcomes can vary with theory application.
A museum is “a building in which objects of historical, scientific, artistic, or cultural interest are stored and exhibited.” (dictionary.com). This is the literal definition of a museum as well as my view of them coming into my first semester of college. I believed they were boring, outdated places where historical items were displayed. As I moved through the semester, my professor helped me gain a new perspective of these remarkable museums; one of respect and astonishment. Museums are meant to aid in learning and safeguarding of things that should never be forgotten. Of the many great places I visited this semester that adjusted my feelings towards museums, the ones that had the greatest impact were The National Museum of Natural History, The Newseum, The National Gallery of Art, and The United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. These places are there to remind the general public about things that should never be forgotten; they preserve the history and beauty of the world.
Behaviorism is the point of view where learning and behavior are described and explained in terms of stimulus-response relationships. Behaviorists agree that an individual’s behaviors is a result of their interaction with the environment. Feedback, praise and rewards are all ways people can respond to becoming conditioned. The focus is on observable events instead of events that happen in one’s head. The belief that learning has not happened unless there is an observable change in behavior. “The earliest and most Ardent of behaviourists was Watson (1931; Medcof and Roth, 1991; Hill 1997). His fundamental conclusion from many experimental observations of animal and childhood learning was that stimulus-response (S-R) connections are more likely to be established the more frequently or recently an S-R bond occurs. A child solving a number problem might have to make many unsuccessful trials before arriving at the correct solution” (Childs, 2004).
Learning theories are diversified in scope but relate closely to contextualized teaching and learning. Another type of learning theory which gives highlight on contextualized teaching and learning is Motivation Theory. According to Biehler and Snowman (as cited in Brennen, 2016), to enhance the students’ interest, the school should find a way to motivate the students. To motivate the students, the teacher should give an interesting problem as the basis of instruction (Hannum, 2015).