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Smallpox pathogenicity
Smallpox pathogenicity
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Smallpox and Cancer are very different in many various ways. An infectious disease is a pathogenic transferable disease that can pass easily from one organism to another. The characteristics of an infectious disease are, infectivity, pathogenicity, virulence, toxigenicity, resistance,and antigenicity. Infectivity is the ability of the agent to enter a host and multiply to a infectious dose, thereby producing the infection and/or disease. Pathogenicity is the ability of the agent to cause a disease in an infected host. Virulence, this term refers to the severity of an infection. A highly virulent strain of a disease agent will always, most likely, fabricate severe cases or death. Toxigenicity is a term in which refers to the ability of …show more content…
They arise from inside the body as a result of hereditary conditions or other causes, such as dietary deficiencies. Although infectious forms historically have been the most life-threatening varieties of disease and remain so even today in much of the world, non-infectious disease is a far more serious concern in industrialized nations, such as the United States. Some categories of intrinsic diseases include stress-related, dietary, and autoimmune conditions as well as diseases of unknown origin. Additionally, there are several other categories the U.S examines: hereditary diseases, such as hemophilia; glandular conditions, of which diabetes mellitus is a powerful example; and cancer, of which there are approximately 100 different varieties. Antibiotics, also called antibacterials, are a type of antimicrobial drug used in the treatment and prevention of bacterial infections. They may either kill or inhibit the growth of bacteria. A vaccine is a biological preparation that provides active acquired immunity to a particular disease. So, let's learn somethings about …show more content…
This is a disease that only affects humans.This disease is a serious, highly contagious, and often life-threatening infection marked by a rash of round pox (blisters) on the face, arms, and legs. It is caused by the Variola virus. The last case of smallpox in the United States was in 1949. n addition to flu-like symptoms, patients also experience a rash that appears first on the face, hands and forearms, and then later appears on the trunk. People may experience in areas in the back or muscles, rashes, small bump, blister, scab, or scar fever, malaise, or chills, headache or vomiting. Rashes and blisters are the most visible symptoms.The virus starts in the lungs. From there, the virus invades the bloodstream and spreads to the skin, intestines , lungs, kidneys, and brain. The virus activity in the skin cells creates a rash that starts as macules. After this, vesicles form. Then, pustules appear about 12-17 days after a person becomes infected. Survivors of smallpox often have severely deformed skin from the pustules. The variola virus causes Smallpox. There are two forms of the virus. The more dangerous form, variola major, led to smallpox disease that killed about 30% of people who were infected. Variola minor caused a less deadly type that killed about 1% of those who got it. There's no treatment or cure for smallpox. A vaccine can prevent it. But the vaccine's side
1) Sickness is different from disease as sickness refers to a social or cultural concept of a disease/illness while disease is the biological definition of it. An example of an sickness is “Qaug dab peg” a Hmong sickness that occurs when the soul leaves the body resulting in seizures. An example of a disease is epilepsy a neurological condition that causes the body to have random seizures. Both examples are of the same disease, but one is how the culture views it while the other is how biology views it.
One similarity between smallpox and the black death was that they both established new trade with countries they had rarely traded with before. With smallpox, the Americas were faced with a labour shortage due to the amount of people smallpox had killed. The labour was needed to work in silver mines and sugar plantations.To fill the shortage of labour, slaves were traded from the Guinea Coast, somewhere there was not much trade in before, but now was a bustling center of trade due to the demand for slaves. Similarly, during the black death, there was a shortage of people because of the shrunken population. There were less people buying wool, wine, and cheese, so merchants from Europe sook out customers in different areas. Some such areas were
Shingles, herpes zoster, is a very contagious and painful rash, or blister that appears on the skin. These rashes most commonly appear on the sides of the body in stripes. The stripes are made up of many very painful blisters caused by a certain type of virus. The varicella zoster, most commonly known as the chicken pox virus attacks the nerve roots in that area. The herpes zoster virus is in the herpes family, including HSV, herpes simple virus, which causes cold sores, fever blisters, and genital herpes. (WebMD, 2011) Most people are required to get the chicken pox shot when they are children although some do not. The chicken pox shot helps to keep out the virus by keeping it dormant in the nerves. The varicella zoster virus stays in a few cells; this is how shingles appear suddenly. It appears when the dormant cells become active in the later years of life.
Orthopoxvirus variola is the virus responsible for the well-known smallpox disease. It belongs to the Poxviridae family which is further split into the subfamilies Entomopoxivirinae which only affects insects, and Chordopoxivirinae which infects vertebrae (Hughes). It is in group one of the Baltimore Classification since it possesses double-stranded DNA. This group also includes viruses in the Herpesviridae family, certain bacteriophages, as well as the mimivirus. The linear genome consists of approximately 186 kb pair and, like all orthopoxviruses, is about 200 nm in diameter (Li; Riedel). Virus particles may be enveloped, but the majority will be nonenveloped when released from a lysed cell, ready and capable to affect another. Extracellular enveloped viruses evolve from their precursors intracellular enveloped virus and cell-associated enveloped virus and contain proteins that aid the virus in neutralizing host cell antibodies to enhance virus spread (Smith). Entrance into the host cell may be accomplished by fusion of endocytosis, contingent on the particular strain. Host cell cytoplasm is the site of poxvirus replication, therefore host nuclear enzymes are unavailable to the virus; to overcome this, DNA-dependent RNA polymerase enters the host with the virus (Hughes).
The perspective the author gives to this book is a unique. Smallpox according to most histories does not play the role of a major character, but a minor part. In my opinion smallpox was a major factor during the Revolutionary War, and Feen focuses on several key areas which allows us to see just how bad this epidemic was and the grip it had not only on the soldiers, but the colonist as well.
The job of the immune system is to keep “foreign” invaders out of the body, or if one gets in, to seek it out and kill it. These foreign invaders are called pathogens, which are tiny organisms that can cause an infection in the body. Pathogens can be bacteria, parasites, and fungi (http://www.niaid.nih.gov/topics/immuneSystem/pages/whatisimmunesystem.aspx).
In order to understand the history of smallpox one first has to understand how diseases like it evolve. Much like other species, diseases that survive in the long run are the microbes that most effectively reproduce and are able to find suitable places to live. For a microbe to effectively reproduce, it must "be defined mathematically as the number of new infected per each original patient." This number will largely depend on how long each victim is able to spread the virus to other victims (Diamond, 198).
It was spread very slowly and less broadly than other viral illnesses which took a long time to identify the infection in the first two weeks. Infection of smallpox started to grow between 7 to 10 days when the scabs formed into bruises. The signs and symptoms of this disease include high fever, widespread rashes, redness, muscle pain, headache, common cold, vomiting, nausea and many more. Consequently, the virus was found in the bone marrow along with bloodstream in huge numbers. There are different types of the smallpox disease with other classifications.
The smallpox disease is caused by the Variola virus, a virus of the Orthopox family, which also includes cowpox, monkeypox, and other related diseases (Tucker 5). Two variants
Although the Columbian Exchange allowed for the beneficial exchange of cultures, ideas, foods, and animals around the world during the 1450-1750 time period, it also had a dark side. One detrimental result of the Columbian Exchange would be the spreading of smallpox from Europe to the New World.
During one of his earlier apprenticeships, Jenner noticed milkmaids with a disease called cowpox. Cowpox is a close relative to smallpox and is only mild in humans. Pustules appear on the hands and a basic cold is also brought on. At Jenner’s young age he was able to link these two viruses together and come up with a theory for immunization. In 1796, while still attending medical school, Jenner decided to test this theory between smallpox and cowpox. He used a dairymaid, who was a patient of his named Sarah Nelms, who had contracted cowpox and had ripe pustules on her hands. Jenner realized this was his opportunity to test someone who had not contracted smallpox yet. He picked an eight-year old boy named James Phipps to use as his test subject. He scraped open a spot of James' arm and rubbed in a dissected piece of Sarah Nelms pustule into the open wound. A couple days later James became ill with cowpox but was well again within a week. This test proved that cowpox could be spread between humans as well as cows. Jenner's next test would be if the cowpox virus gave James immunity against smallpox. On July 1st of 1796, Edward Jenner obtained an infected smallpox pustule and scratched the virus filled pus into James' arm. This technique of placing a virus into a patient is called variolation. James Phipps did not develop smallpox within the
An infectious disease is caused by another organism whether bacterial, viral, fungal, parasitic or rickettsia. Infectious diseases are transmitted through a direct transfer of bacteria, viruses or other germs from one person to another. This can happen when someone who has the bacterium or virus touches, kisses, coughs/sneezes on someone who is not infected. Noninfectious disease cannot be passed from one being to another. Non-infectious diseases are generic or life style related. Things such as Down syndrome and skin cancer are non-infectious diseases.
Tucker, Jonathan B.. Scourge: The Once and Future Threat of Smallpox. New York: Atlantic Monthly Press, 2001
Smallpox is a very dangerous and in almost every case, fatal disease. There are two types of smallpox: variola major and variola minor. Variola Major consists of four categories ordinary (this is the most common), flat, and hemorrhagic. Variola Major only has an overall fatality rate of 30%. Flat and Hemorrhagic are the two most deadly type of Variola major. Smallpox looks like a very red, puffy, and raised rash. Smallpox is an very dangerous and contagious disease that has been present throughout history until recent times (the last epidemic case of smallpox was October 26, 1977 in Somalia).
Throughout history many different diseases have infected the world. Such diseases consist of measles, mumps, malaria, typhus and yellow fever. Many of these diseases are caused by different things and originated in different countries.