With the creation of the printing press Martin Luther’s ninety-five theses spread across Europe confirming people’s beliefs and strengthening their thoughts that the Pope and the Catholic Church were corrupt. Luther nailed his ninety-five theses to the door of the Wittenberg Castle church around 1517 with only the thought of reforming the Pope and the Catholic Church, but it became the foundation of the Protestant Reformation, the creation of a new religion called Lutheran, a branch of Protestantism. Luther created such a huge following, making it clear that Protestants were very much a new force to be reckoned with in Europe. Luther’s unexpected reformation divided Europe based on religions. It went from being predominantly Catholic, ruled …show more content…
by the pope, into being a Protestant and Catholic land. This division between Protestantism and Roman Catholicism sparked the Massacre of St. Bartholomew's Day described by Jacques Auguste de Thou, and the Thirty Years War chronicled by Hans Jakob Christoph von Grimmelshausen. The Massacre of St.
Bartholomew's Day took place during The French Wars of Religion. The people of France, which at the time were mainly Catholic, and Queen Catherine de' Medici, being one of them, instigated the attack on the Huguenots (French Protestants) while in Paris for her daughter's wedding. On August 24, 1572, St. Bartholomew's Day, more than 12,999 Protestant aristocrats and citizens of France were killed (Cole & Symes p. 378). Jacques Auguste de Thou writes The Massacre of St. Bartholomew's Day from his point of view as a young man witnessing the events firsthand. He was frightened watching Gaspard de Coligny II, a well-known French Huguenot leader, and others being murdered, and Paris burned. De Thou was appalled by the ferocity of the attacks and cruelty of the crowd. Coligny was known by all and thought he was safe because he had an agreement with Catherine de' Medici (Queen Mother of France), that her daughter, a Catholic was marrying a Protestant. This was their compromise that guaranteed there would not be any conflict between the two religions, Protestants and Catholics. Coligny did not protect himself in any way, surprised at being targeted by the mob. He was stabbed, dragged through the city, hung, burned, and later taken and buried by friends. De Thou captured the horrible details of history. The Catholics were temporarily victorious in stopping the Huguenots rebellion, which contributed to France remaining
Catholic. The Thirty Years War was one of the deadliest wars in history. It started as religious warfare between Catholics and Protestants and turned into a struggle for political power in central Europe. The Roman Catholics fought the Protestants to unify and keep all of Europe Catholic (Cole & Symes p. 381). The Devastation of the Thirty Years' War is told by a young boy at the age of thirteen and shows the reader what the effect a religious war has on a citizen. Hans Jakob Christoph von Grimmelshausen describes the invasion of his home by Germans, the murder of this family, and the damage done to his home in central Europe during The Thirty Years War. The murder of the Grimmelshausen family was significant because Hans Jakob was forced into the army and became a soldier at the age of fifteen. His life was ruined. He writes "For, gentle reader, who would ever have taught me that there was a God in Heaven if these soldiers had not destroyed my dad's house" (Cole & Symes p. 382). This quotation represents his feelings and bitterness towards the war. Grimmelshausen and De Thou both write about terrible murders during the Reformation. Both accounts show the brutality of war and the religious conflict between Protestants and Catholics in Europe. These primary sources show how French leaders and Europeans were affected by the Reformation and the wars it spawned. During the Saint Bartholomew’s Day Massacre, we see a struggle for political power with the murder and torture of Gaspard de Coligny II, a Huguenot leader and we see ordinary people killed on the streets of Paris and in the countryside over religious conflict. Although both accounts are horrific, the murder of the Grimmelshausen family is more impactful because we get a personal first-hand look at how a religious conflict can destroy a man’s home and family. However, these narratives were equally destructive to both leaders and Europeans. The Reformation caused many deaths and divided Europeans by separating Europe into different religions.
Social and economic stresses of The Protestant Reformation age were just among few of the things that impacted the ordinary population of Europe. The Protestant Reformation was the 16th-century religious, political, and cultural disorder that divided Catholic Europe, setting in place the structures and beliefs that would define the continent in the ordinary population. In northern and central Europe, reformers like Martin Luther, John Calvin and Henry VIII challenged papal authority and questioned the Catholic Church’s ability to define Christian practice. In 1555 The Peace of Augsburg allowed for the coexistence of Catholicism and Lutheranism in Germany; and in 1648 Treaty of Westphalia, which ended the Thirty Years’ War. The key ideas of the Reformation, a call to purify the church and a belief that the Bible, should be the sole source of spiritual authority. However, Luther and the other reformers became the first to skillfully use the power of the printing press to give their ideas a wide audience.
The Reformation occurred all over Western Europe. It was mostly set in Germany where various parts of corruption in the Church happened. Martin Luther started the process of the Reformation, he was German so he understood how the Catholic Church took advantage and didn't think this was fair. The Catholic Reformation took place between 1450-1650 which was the biggest revolution in Germany, although the understanding of Luther's actions weren't taken notice of until he put the 95 Theses on the Church's door. Luther felt that Bishops and Priests didn't understand the bible correctly. Luther wanted the Reformation to help fix this by helping the uneducated and powerless. Some of the movement of this was
The Importance of the Tumult of Amboise in Bringing About Conflict Between Catholics and Protestants by 1562
The Reformation was the 16th-century religious, political, intellectual and cultural upheaval that splintered Catholic Europe, setting in place the structures and beliefs that would define the continent in the modern era. It was important because it divided the continent between catholics and protestants. New ideas were introduced and was the subject of tension between catholics and protestant for the next centuries. On Oct. 31, 1517, Martin Luther posted on the door of the castle church at Wittenberg his 95 theses, inviting debate on matters of practice and doctrine. Luther's action was not as yet a revolt against the church but a movement for reform within. It was, however, much more than an objection to the money-grabbing and secular policies of the
In 1517, Martin Luther wrote what would lead to the Protestant Reformation, the 95 theses (Pavao). Luther's theses is composed of ninety- five statements about the Roman Catholic Church that he didn't agree with, by posting his theses on the doors of the cathedral at Wittenberg he was looking to engage in debate with fellow theologians (Pavao). In a matter of weeks Germans that agreed with him about Church practices were printing and spreading his theses. The following will be a discussion of the 95 theses and some of the ideas presented that give an idea of the problems in the Church of his time.
The protestant reformation of 16th century had both: immediate and long term effects. Thus, we can see that it was a revolution of understanding the essence of religion, and of what God is. The protestant reformation is said to a religious movement. However, it also influenced the economical, political and social life of people. The most global, short term effect of the reformation was the reevaluation of beliefs, and, as a result, the loss of authority of the Holy Roman Empire. The long term effects were: the emergence of new heretical movements, the declining of papacy, thus the reevaluation of people’s view on the church and life values.
Jack P. Green and J. R. Pole, The Blackwell Encyclopedia of the American Revolution, (Blackwell Publishers) 1991.
The Feast of All Saints, written by Anne Rice: A historical fiction based story about the New Orleans society of free men of color (Gens de couleur libres), before the civil war living within the laws of the white men that surround them. Between 1810 and the Civil War, there lived in New Orleans a strange, Varying mixtures of the black race and French ethnics (half breeds, quadroons, and octoroons, mostly), they had a special place--or non-place--in Louisiana society. Even before the civil war, New Orleans has been a mixture of cultures and ethnics. They could own property (including slaves), but they could not vote; they had their own civilization, but they were unwelcome outside it. The privileges of the “mixed” or light-skinned African Americans during that time period still raise common issues today in the black society. For example, those considered darker skinned females for instance, find it much harder to be successful in society. Seeing as though lighter skin resembles more of a Caucasian complexion, many people strongly believe that the lighter the skin the easier life will be. As sad as it may seem such beliefs cause division among African American women .Each of the characters in the story encounter moments where they must accept that they do not possess equal rights as the white men and yet, they must uphold the privileges that they have created for themselves within this area. Socially, there were distinct classes in New Orleans--probably more so than in any other place in the South. Though at first sight it might seem as though the mixing of the races should have created a blurring of the social lines, quit...
The reformation of the way things were copied and printed can go on to an extent. According to the map given Document C, in 1500 Europe was mainly Catholic and in 1560 Europe was divided into 2 religious type; Catholic and Protestant. Europe was influenced by religion with the help of the spread of literature from the use of the printing press. The bible was the biggest hit when it came to the Printing press. Before the printing press. Luther was unhappy with his church due to fact people would have indulgences to the church which indulgences were payments in return for pardons for one’s sin and grants of salvation in the after life. Martin Luther had posted 95 criticisms on the door of the Castle church in 1517 of October. (Doc.B). The Background essay stated that the Renaissance was underway with a surge of ideas breathing new life into painting, architecture, old classical literature, theatre, and much more with that thought the Renaissance was a reformation of the Middle-Ages. Another example of reformation and how it is an important consequence to the Printing press is in Document E with the World map comparison 1489 to 1507, which the map of 1507 has been nicknamed “America’s birth certificate” because it is the first known map to record the existence of the American continents (Doc.E). The Reformation had many
"The Saint Bartholomew's Day Massacre | Christian History." The Saint Bartholomew's Day Massacre | Christian History. Web. 14 Mar. 2014. .
Having a religion change, many times, takes a toll on those who follow. This would include the hardships of the Protestant Reformation and the Catholic Reformation. Religious tensions were spreading throughout Europe, starting from the Protestant Reformation. Some of those who followed the Catholic church began to question how much was true and how many lies they were told to believe in. Many important Leaders of the Reformation stated their opinions about that Catholic church. These opinions would then be evaluated in the Catholic Reformation, The Council of Trent. Beliefs would be revised and practices would be evaluated. The core beliefs would still be Catholic, thus still different from a protestant beliefs. This led to officials of states
The St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre resulted in a massive number of deaths including the assassination of Gaspard de Coligny. The St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre started with Catherine De Medici planning to assassinate Gaspard de Coligny because he was going to go to war with the her son, King Charles IX. So King Charles IX and his men went and killed Gaspard de Coligny during the nighttime, and the next day it was chaotic in France, turning into a civil war. The St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre in France during 1572 resulted in a massive number of deaths to the Huguenot population, a very religious group of French Protestants; this massacre led to larger civil war in France that would harm the country.
Bartholomew Day Massacre started when Catherine ordered the murder of Admiral Gaspard de Coligny, a Huguenot leader. She felt he would lead her son into battle with Spain. Coligny was simply injured the first time he was shot by an assassin. So, Charles assured to study the assassination in order to calm the mad Huguenots. Catherine influenced King Charles that the Huguenots were on the border of revolt. After, he had finished talking with Catherine he authorized the assassination of their leaders by the Catholic authorities. The greatest amounts of the Huguenots were at Paris because they celebrated the marriage of their leader, Henry of Navarre. On August 24 Guise led troops into the city. Coligny was stopped and was killed on the moment. Also on that day, around three thousand Huguenots were killed in Paris. Not only had three days passed when about twenty thousand Huguenots were killed all over France. The amount of people that were murdered and its timing show that probably the Guises had planned the attack for a
Catherine (the mother) decides to offer the prominent Huguenot and king of Navarre Henri de Bourbon her daughter Margot for marriage as an overture of goodwill, although deceitfully a part of the infamous St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre of 1572, were thousands of Protestants were slaughtered. Despite the attempts of Margot to put an end to the marriage; the mother insists and the marriage goes
In the end of O. Henry’s short story, “A Retrieved Reformation,” multiple factors provoked Jimmy’s decision to save Agatha. Jimmy Valentine was a former robber who changed his name to Ralph D. Spencer after passing by a young lady, named Annabel. Annabel shortly became engaged to Jimmy. Although later in the story, her niece, Agatha, gets stuck in the vault which was owned by Annabel’s father. Agatha and May were sisters, just having fun being kids, but May accidently locked her sister inside of the vault. Then, Jimmy is faced with a challenging decision, whether or not he wanted to reveal his secret as a robber in order to save his fiance’s niece. However, doing so could jeopardize his and Annabel’s relationship. One factor which influenced Jimmy’s decision to save her was when Agatha’s mother started pounding on the door of the vault, as she