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The existences of god
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Individuals in society have questioned if life ends at death, or whether there is a separate eternal life that begins when temporary life expires. They have also questioned if there is a universal or a supreme being that created the earth. People began to scrutinize, examine, and consider this as soon as they were exposed to the concept. Is an eternal being real? How can you believe in this idea? Why should I follow this eternal being? All of these questions, plus many more, have been examined throughout an individual’s lifespan. Some believers have advocated for a God through speeches, books, and even movies. Efforts have been made to prove the existence of a higher power in our lives. Philosophers have studied this and analyzed the world’s existence as well. The idea of a higher power is questioned and scrutinized in the works of René Descartes and Martin Buber. …show more content…
12). He understood that there were countless deceivers in the world. The goal of the deceiver is to trick a human into believing something was true, even if it was not. Descartes (1999) noted that once something has deceived you once, it can never be trusted again under any circumstance. A major deceiver in an individual’s life is his or her senses (p. 12). In addition to the senses, beliefs can also be deceiving. Descartes (1999) expresses how some of these beliefs derived from the senses are undeniably true. One belief he refers to is his presence by the fire (p. 13). This belief is unquestionably true until he considers his thoughts while dreaming, because he is unsure whether he is awake or asleep (p. 13). According to Descartes (199), all of these deceivers are questionable; however, there is one being, God, that will not deceive us because he is “supremely good” (p.
Alikindi and Descartes are two authors and philosophers who worked very hard to find a way to attain knowledge. The knowledge they sought is a justified true belief. Though their methods are very well developed, there are big differences between Alkindi’s method and Descartes’s method. Alkindi was a devoted Muslim. He worked for the Khalfia Al Mo'tassem Bellah in the translation of books that was written in Greek and other languages. Alkindi uses the method of false contradiction to get to the knowledge he is seeking. He believed that we should attain the truth from wherever it comes and whoever said it. He was one of the Muslim pioneers in term of using philosophy to attain knowledge. Alkindi defined knowledge as “knowledge of the true nature
In his quest for absolute, firm knowledge, Descartes eventually reaches a standstill that could prevent him from moving forward on his journey. This obstacle manifests itself in the form of an evil deceiver, a malicious entity with the ability to distort Descartes’ perceptions and trick him into believing a false claim to be truthful. The evil deceiver would endlessly mislead Descartes into thinking that an aspect of life were true. Given the power of this evil deceiver, Descartes would never know if the truths that he is reaching are in fact truthful. This conundrum in which Descartes finds himself encourages him to find some mechanism to counter the idea of an evil deceiver. Descartes realizes that the existence of God will eradicate the fear
Before students can judge others ideologies they must understand the philosopher first. Rene Descartes, the father of modern western philosophy, was born in 1596 to French parents. Rene Descartes excelled in mathematics. By 1616 Descartes received his baccalaureate and became a licensed lawyer. In 1618 Descartes joined the army of Prince Maurice of Nassau. During his service Descartes never saw combat, but while in the service he was able to travel and explore the world. During his time in Germany Descartes began to inquire about life’s hardest questions regarding logic, reasoning, arithmetic, God and knowledge. By the early 1830’s Descartes continued his conquest of knowledge; he secluded himself from all temptations and began to write. Descartes
Although their methods and reasoning contrasted one another, both philosophers methodically argued to come to a solid, irrefutable proof of God, which was a subject of great uncertainty and skepticism. Through Three Dialogues Between Hylas and Philonous and Discourse on Method and Meditations on First Philosophy, Descartes and Berkeley paved the way towards an age of confidence and faith in the truth of God’s perfect existence actively influencing the lives of
Final Paper In the following paper I will argue upon whether the Humes’ or Descartes’ philosophical position on the existence of the external world is stronger than the other. I will first present each philosopher’s position, and then I will argue that Hume has a stronger position on the existence of the external world for the reasons in this paper. Descartes argues that we can know the external world because of God, and God is not a deceiver. Descartes’ core foundation for understanding what is important comes from three points: our thoughts about the world and the things in it could be deceptive, our power of reasoning has found ideas that are indubitable, and certainty comes by way of reasoning.
“I have noticed that the senses are sometimes deceptive; as it is a mark of prudence never to place our complete trust in those that have deceived us even once.” (Descartes, 60) He introduces doubt through the senses, dreams, and through the possibility of an evil genius at work. For instance he states that “There is no sure sign that I can tell that I am awake. If there are no sure signs that I can tell that I am awake then there is reason to doubt I am awake.
"Whatever I have up till now accepted as most true I have acquired either from the senses or through the senses. But from time to time I have found that the senses deceive, and it is prudent never to trust completely those who have deceived us even once"(First Meditation, 2). Although the senses help us perceive the world, Descartes believes that the senses are not reliable, and that the mind is a better source of knowledge, and this is due to existence of dreams, evil demons, and the wax argument.
Descartes believes “it is clear enough from this that he cannot be a deceiver, since it is manifest by the natural light that all fraud and deception depend on some defect” (89). In addition, to the third Meditation, Descartes further explains God’s existence as a non – deceiving entity of natural light in Meditation IV. Descartes stands with his position that God is perfection by saying “it is impossible that God should deceive me”. For in every case of trickery or deception some imperfection is found.
Descartes explains that, “For in the case of trickery or deception some imperfection is to be found; and although the ability to deceive appears to be an indication of cleverness or power, the will to deceive is undoubtedly evidence of malice or weakness, and so cannot apply to God” (Descartes 43). I agree that if God is a perfect being that truly exists, he would not have any reason to deceive humans, and that humans are imperfect because of our own volitions and poor judgement. However this still does not make clear and distinct perceptions true. Again, even if God is not deceiving us, our minds still can. Additionally, this point only makes sense in Descartes’ definition of God, which, again, is merely an assumption. Descartes gives a sound explanation on why God is not a deceiver, however that does not immediately make it true that everything should not be doubted just because we can perceive it clearly.
This essay will focus on discussing the way people used to live and the beliefs they had about God being the creator and controller of the universe during the middle ages or the pre modern times by first describing what pre modernity is then following with the dynamics of that time. This essay will then discuss Descartes the father of modernity together with some other contributing philosophers, and how he changed the beliefs of the middle ages prior to the way in which people now see themselves as subjects which can give meaning to objects and are free to choose whatever meaning they want to give to themselves and their surroundings.
Just as the authors’ Judeo-Christian God created man in his own image, Proust and Descartes fashion their creator-narrators as themselves—Marcel, as Proust, a writer in search of complete description (the expression of complete feeling); the Meditator, as Descrates, a thinker in search of complete knowledge. The authors are the self-referential sources of their narrators’ (and of their own) quests for truth. In this way, from their ideas of truth and of themselves, both Proust and Descartes, indeed, conceive their own
The fourth Meditations of Descartes show that God cannot be a deceiver at all, as God is infinitely good. To judge something it is required to have understanding and will and we should know that the understanding is infinite or in other words it is the faculty, which brings us very close to God. Errors occur when will assents though it does not understand or perceive distinctly. So from this fact we can understand that error is ours and it is not committed by God. He also cannot be blamed for giving us an infinite will, as the will is nothing but a simple infinite entity. How can we perceive something distinctly and clearly? According to Descartes it was possible for God to create him with an insurmountable inclination to assent only to those things, which were distinctly and clearly perceived by him, but God is infinite and His ways are inscrutable. Descartes writes in his Meditation IV that when he tries to find out about God, he feels that in reality a positive idea of God is already present in his mind and it is a supremely perfect being. But at the same time he encounters with a negative idea which gives him a since of nothingness. This image is infinitely removed from perfection of all kinds. Then Descartes disclosed his feelings and said that due to his own experience he knew that he has some ability to judge and this ability came from God. There is no doubt that all the qualities have come from God and this quality was also from God. He was certain that God would never deceive him and thus no such ability was given to him, which may ever put him in the wrong direction. So after all these experiences he evidently concluded that there existed a God and his existence depended entirely on Him. In fact every moment of his lif...
It is easy for us to believe that what we experience with our senses is true, including in our dreams, but according to Descartes, we should look beyond our senses and use reasoning to determine what is certain. Descartes’ question, “For how do we now that the thoughts that arise in us while we are dreaming are more false than others, since they are often no less vivid and explicit?” (34), is asked so that we will acknowledge that our senses can easily mislead us. This should then cause us to use reasoning to differentiate between truth and illusion, and both authors agree that reasoning should be the guide to true knowledge. Though he believes in the attainability of certain knowledge through using reasoning, Descartes argues that there are only a few things about which we can be certain. Descartes’s philosophy “Cogito, Ergo Sum,” which means I think, therefore I am proves this. He believes that because our mind acknowledges that we can think and have doubts, we can be sure of our existence; if we stopped th...
According to Descartes, the essence of material substance is simply extension, the property of filling up space. (Med. V) So solid geometry, which describes the possibility of dividing an otherwise uniform space into distinct parts, is a complete guide to the essence of body. It follows that there can be in reality only one extended substance, comprising all matter in a single spatial whole. From this, Descartes concluded that individual bodies are merely modes of the one extended being, that there can be no space void of extension, and that all motion must proceed by circular vortex. Thus, again, the true nature of bodies is understood by pure thought, without any information from the senses.
I will argue that Buber’s position is more insightful because his theory of human relations lays the foundation for an ethical system. I will first examine Sartre’s notion of intersubjectivity. Second, I will examine Buber’s view, comparing and contrasting it to Sartre’s view in two respects. I will first compare how the Other changes the subject’s worldview. My second comparison will deal with the idea that intersubjective relations for Sartre and Buber involve the subject viewing the universe through the Other. Lastly, moving away from the compare and contrast section, I will show how Buber’s model is more likely to give rise to an ethical relationship than Sartre’s model.