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The role of nature in modern literature
Use of nature in literature
Nathaniel Hawthorne‘s literary style
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Convention’s struggle against nature is one that has existed since the beginning of time. Whether it be through illnesses, facing the elements, or suppressing one’s natural tendencies and desires, man has always suffered greatly from challenging the ways of nature. Man himself is a natural creature; however, due to his own pride, he has been turned against nature, and towards the industrial habits of convention. In the three short stories “The Birth-Mark,” “The Yellow Wallpaper,” and “The Open Boat,” the reader sees this theme of man’s failure to control nature, as well as the risks he takes in order to do so. In Nathaniel Hawthorne’s short story “The Birth-Mark,” Aylmer, a married scientist, believes himself to be above nature. Acting on these beliefs, he prepares …show more content…
However, Aylmer’s plan does not go as intended, and after utilizing several different methods, he only faintly removes the mark and unintentionally kills his wife. In order to prove his supernatural state, Aylmer attempts to remove a birth-mark from his wife’s face; the consequences of these actions prove that regardless of one’s ideas regarding nature, attempting to conquer it will ultimately result in devastation. The attempted removal of Georgiana’s birthmark by Aylmer signifies a desire to conquer nature and reveals a hidden quality within Aylmer. The first instance in which the reader sees Aylmer trying to conquer or control nature is subtle, it is near the beginning of the story and the narrator says “[Aylmer] persuaded a beautiful woman to become his wife” (211). The common belief is that love occurs naturally and cannot be forced. It seems as though the narrator chooses to state that Aylmer persuaded his wife, rather than fell in love with her, in order to indicate early on in the text Aylmer’s tendencies toward manipulating nature. Later in the
In the short story, “The Birthmark” Nathaniel Hawthorne uses the characters, foreshadowing, symbolism, and other rhetorical devices to alert people of the consequences of man having the power to control and alter nature. Additionally, through his skillful usage of diction, Hawthorne warns of the effects of seeking perfection through science. In “The Birthmark”, Aylmer, a man devoted entirely to science, marries Georgiana, a beautiful young woman with a single imperfection. Georgiana’s imperfection bears the resemblance of a tiny crimson hand and is visible on her left cheek. The birthmark becomes the object of Aylmer’s obsession and he resolves to use his scientific prowess to correct “what Nature left imperfect in her fairest work.” He succeeds in removing the birthmark; however, he unfortunately causes his wife’s death in the process. Through “The Birthmark”, Hawthorne suggests that nothing paradisiacal can exist on this earth, and that being imperfect is just part of being human.
Stoehr, Taylor. Hawthorne's Mad Scientists. Hamden: Shoe String Press, 1978. Weinstein, Cindy. "The Invisible Hand Made Visible: 'The Birthmark'." Nineteenth Century Literature 48 (1993): 44-73.
In Nathanial Hawthorne’s “The Birth-Mark,” Aylmer, a crazed, “mad-scientist,” seeks to remove the scarlet handprint birthmark from his wife, Georgiana’s cheek. From the opening of the work, the third person narrator describes Aylmer’s obsession with science and the adverse effects it has had on his social life. Aylmer is tied up in this battle within himself and with his assigned association between the natural and the spiritual world. He wishes to have as much control over these colliding worlds as possible, granting himself god-like power and control in the process. In the art of manipulating nature through science, Aylmer believes he is able to alter the spiritual aspects of the natural as well. Aylmer’s focus on spirituality is Hawthorne’s way of commenting on mankind’s fixation on sin and redemption.
Nathaniel Hawthorns short stories, such as, Dr. Heidegger’s Experiment, Rappaccini’s Daughter and The Birthmark all have an underlying meaning and demonstrate a similar recurring theme. Hawthorne uses his stories to clarify his beliefs on the competition between nature, religion, and science in everyday life. In all three of his short stories he refuses the concept of science coming before religion or nature. Hawthorne clearly thought if nature or religion was tampered with using science it could only end badly, but more specifically with death. In each of his stories there is a scientific experiment that defies both nature and religion ending harmfully. Nathaniel Hawthorne’s beliefs conclude that God and nature to ultimately be more powerful then science.
In “The Birthmark,” Aylmer is the force of evil that wants to change Georgiana, who is an innocent character. She eventually comes to believe in his opinions and he corrupts her self-image. Aylmer thinks he can make Georgiana perfect and change what Georgiana got naturally. As previously mentioned, he eventually causes Georgiana’s death with this search for perfection. Hawthorne takes advantage of tying in his ideals with the story to illustrate, once again, that striving for physical perfection can be
It is hard to say that one is human and perfect at the same time. Human beings are not capable of achieving perfection; if that would be so, humans would stop being humans. By nature the human race is full of flaws, some appearing as early as in the womb. From defects in the body, to defects in the mind, to the mistakes that one makes in quotidian life, it is impossible to deny that human imperfection exists. To try to manipulate humans into perfection is not only impossible, but it takes away the very essence of being a human being. The short story “The Birthmark” by Nathaniel Hawthorn, illustrates this teaching through the character of Aylmer, an ambitious and devoted scientist who is appalled by his wife Georgiana’s birthmark, believing it to be a perceivable sign of her human flaws and eagerly waits to remove it from her cheek. This story raises riveting questions such as, what is humanity all about, can human beings ever achieve perfection through science, is Hawthorn attacking science or a wider issue, and more significantly, should science take the place of God. Through the use of symbolism in “The Birthmark”, Hawthorn indirectly implies that imperfection is an essential part of being human and that science should not interfere; thus he is hinting his personal views toward science and its limitations over nature.
One alarming simile, “The man could no way...soak him off like a stubborn label.” which compares the ferocious grip of the weasel’s teeth to a stubborn label on a package, generates startling emotions of awe in the audience as the reader is demanded to re-examine the swift connections between nature and man. To amplify her claim, Dillard employs a graphic metaphor, “he was shot...a fur pendant,” which sets up a comparison between the hanging head of a weasel from its throat, revealing that the truth Dillard wishes her audience to understand is that nature can also be noticeable and vivid like their counterparts in the world of man. Thus, Dillard's essay fulfills her purpose as to exemplifying that micro details are equally noticeable and intriguing. For today's Americans who love and appreciate the small details in life Annie Dillard's essay is excellent and intriguing to ping your mind of imagination and openness. The subjects of evolution and racing to topple the next big thing is often slathered and thrown in the fast paced, selfish society of the large urban population centers where people spend more time sprinting to evolve and excel than slow down to enjoy the sights of nature and life itself. Sadly but hopefully, we must conclude that Annie Dillard shows the average modern man or woman that there is much more to
Every man before has always complimented Georgiana on her sweet imperfection. People would tell her all the time that true beauty was in that little blemish. Aylmer, being the man of Science wanted to change what nature had created. Typically, we all know better than to go against Nature, but not Aylmer. Georgiana finally agreed to let her husband remove the birthmark due to a frightening dream Aylmer had encountered. Aylmer started working on a potion to remove Georgiana 's birthmark. As soon as Georgiana sipped the potion, she suddenly falls into a deep coma-like state. The birthmark magically disappears from Georgina 's face. However, as the birthmark fades away, so does Georgina 's life. Hawthorne uses Georgiana 's character to symbolize beauty in this story. Georgiana is already made perfect in the eyes of Nature and all other men, expect Aylmer. Aylmer, representing Science, tries to change Georgiana 's beauty that Nature has created. Aylmer was successful in removing the birthmark, but unsuccessful in keeping Georgiana alive. Aylmer was too intertwined in Science to realize that Georgiana was perfectly made by Nature. Nature paid Aylmer back for trying to correct Georgiana 's face by taking the life of his beloved
Science, in this particular story, is represented by Aylmer who thinks of himself as a great scientist. He conducts a scientific experiment in the need to remove his wife’s birthmark. He tries everything he knows to create a magical potion to remove Georgiana’s flaw. Georgiana on the other hand represents nature. Georgiana represents the closest state to perfection that man can aspire to, but her husband is still not content. Feeling that it will be the only possible way to save her marriage, she gives in and tells him to prepare the experiment. In the need to impress her husband, she allows him to experiment with the removal of her birthmark regardless of the risk, or the consequence she might face. In this story, the power of nature prevails in the end. Even though Georgiana is unable to impress her husband with her unique mark, her birthmark captivates almost anyone who looks at it. In the desire to control nature, Aylmer kills his wife. The fate of the world, no matter how dark it is, is in the hands of nature, not science or man. Instead of trying to pursue the ultimate power and trying to change the laws of nature through science, one should pursue happiness in
In Nathaniel Hawthorne’s two short stories, “The Birthmark” and “Rappaccini’s Daughter” he strongly expresses the science of trying to manipulate or perfect nature. “Failed attempts to attain perfection are a frequent attempts at perfection fail because Hawthorne’s protagonists are misguided and their own innate imperfections cloud their judgments” (Aaron). In both his stories he tries to portray the women as perfection, but in reality they both have something wrong with them whether it is from their appearance or a horrible curse that has been bestowed upon them. Hawthorne utilizes his short stories to explain his beliefs on the antagonism between nature, religion, and science
The entire plot of the story consists of a husband influencing the way his wife thinks about herself. By constantly pestering her, he is able to make her submit to his authority and try to remove the birthmark on her cheek. “I am convinced of the perfect practicability of its removal.”(Hawthorne 401) Aylmer, being the dominant partner in the relationship, is able to convince his wife to allow him to remove the birthmark. Aylmers natural dominant nature escalated into a god complex when he tries to take the work of nature into his own hands. Unfortunately when man tried to venture past the limits of his power, nature prevailed. Proving that, females may be less dominant than males, but males are utterly powerless against the forces of
Aylmer: Hawthorne uses Romanticism to describe Aylmer’s character by focusing on his personal ideals. He is an egotistical maniac who risked the life of his wife in order to remove a birthmark that she has lived with and even been complimented about. His focus on science instead of love is his true wrongdoing. He gives her a potion to remove the birthmark and she starts to feel ill but Aylmer says, “ ‘Poor? Nay, richest, happiest, most favored’” (Hawthorne 409). Her sickness does not even matter to him, just the fame and wealth he has accumulated over time. His fame for making potions to remove freckles drives him to experiment with removing the birthmark. He is a famous scientist for his creations, and his egotistical attitude leads to the demise of Georgiana. Aylmer talking about his potion being the happiest of potions shows that he does not care that his potion is killing her.
Nathaniel Hawthorne’s 1843 short story entitled “The Birth-Mark” is, at face value, a traditionally formatted Hawthorne story; it is a textbook example of his recurrent theme of the unpardonable sin as committed by the primary character, Aylmer, the repercussions of which result in the untimely death of his wife, Georgiana. However, there seems to be an underlying theme to the story that adds a layer to Hawthorne’s common theme of the unpardonable sin; when Aylmer attempts to reconcile his intellectual prowess with his love for his wife, his efforts turn into an obsession with perfecting his wife’s single physical flaw and her consequent death. This tragedy occurs within the confines of traditional gender
How can humans perfect ourselves? What are the repercussions of man’s desire to conquer nature’s will? In his short story, “The Birthmark”, author Nathaniel Hawthorne attempts to shed light on potential answers to these questions. He especially emphasizes the latter question, prompting his audience to wonder, “Can - and should - man attempt to “perfect” nature’s will?” when the main character, a scientist named Alymer, becomes obsessed with removing a birthmark from his wife’s face. Furthermore, because Alymer’s experiments have fatal results for Georgiana, Hawthorne seems to be suggesting an untouchable monism of existence.
The biggest blight on the face of the planet is mankind. The major problems facing the world today can all be traced in one way or another back to the interference of man. The human race has yielded too much power for the past several thousands of years and it is time for a stern, quick change in the world. Mankind has walked with impunity from place to place upon the face of this planet and only in a few instances has it rendered anything other than death or chaos. My purpose with this essay is to illustrate that the human race is almost not worth running. Creatures endowed with such inborn capabilities have sunken to a level below any seen before. While capable of such acts of beauty and wonder, they instead choose to act selfishly and without reason.