The three theories that I compared are the Interpersonal Relations Model by Hildegard Peplau, Behavior System’s Model by Dorothy Johnson, and Philosophy of Science and Caring by Jean Watson.
The Interpersonal Relations Model by Hildegard Peplau is the first theory I compared. It is a theory that emphasizes the interpersonal relationship between the nurse and the patient (Peplau's Theory of Interpersonal Relations: Hildegard. E. Peplau, 2012).
This theory defines a person as an organism who tries to reduce anxiety. The needs cause the anxiety. Need is the paradigm addressed in the theory (Peplau's Theory of Interpersonal Relations: Hildegard. E. Peplau, 2012).
Behavior System’s Model by Dorothy Johnson is the second theory I compared. As per the model, an
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Human beings are respectable. They are valuable beings who deserve care, respect, nurture, and help. Satisfaction of certain needs is essential for the survival.
These are the instinctual needs by Maslow. These needs include the need for safety, belonging, esteem and self-actualization, besides the physiological needs. Humans have these needs built in genetically. If the needs are not satisfied, people may go into ‘fixation’. That can lead to many problems and diseases (Boeree, 2006). To meet these needs, a person needs care, respect, nurture, and help. Moreover, human beings are social beings. They may or may not belong to a family, but they belong to a society. They interact with their family and society. For the successful interaction, a person needs care, respect, love and help from others with whom they interact. It becomes their responsibility to provide these virtues to others. It is a give and take the process for the effective existence. Thereby showing the resemblance of my definition to that of Watson's Caring
Both theories use communication as the backbone to their theories and in developing an environment conducive to promote healing. Although communication is the framework for both theories, types of communication is looked at different in each theory. In Watson’s theory, she that communication is a spiritual occurrence. The focus is on nonverbal as well as verbal expressions. She also involves personal experiences and growth, art, religious practices. Watson uses the concept of care as the center of nursing care. The goal of the Human Care Theory is for the patient and nurse to gain a higher degree of harmony within themselves, cultivating a wholeness of mind/body/spirit (Watson Caring Science Institute, 2010, p.
Watson’s Transpersonal Caring Theory focuses on “preserving humanity and human dignity” (Williams, McDowell & Kautz, 2011 p.31). Watson viewed caring holistically in terms of a patient’s overall wellbeing, including the individual’s existence, spiritual background, body, and mind. The theory focuses on the belief that caring can do more for the patient’s health than a medical remedy, calling on nurses to “go beyond procedures, tasks, and techniques used in practice settings” (Alligood, 2014, p. 85), and treating the patient therapeutically.
The caring theory that I chose to discuss this week is Joanne Duffy’s quality-caring model. Dr. Duff’s developed the model in 2003 because she noticed that nurses did not seem to care. Formulizing the model tends to improve the care in nursing and to guide nurses to practice.
Maslow believed that there was a hierarchy of five innate needs that influence people’s behaviors (Schultz & Schultz, 2013, p.246-247). In a pyramid fashion, at the base are physiological needs, followed by safety needs, then belonginess and love needs, succeeded by esteem needs, and finally the need for self-actualization. Maslow claimed that lower order needs must be at least partially satisfied before higher level needs are addressed. Furthermore, behavior is dominated by solely one need
In 1954 an American psychologist Abraham Maslow proposed that all people are motivated to fulfill a hierarchical pyramid of needs. At the bottom of Maslow's pyramid are needs essential to survival, such as the needs for food, water, and sleep. The need for safety follows these physiological needs. According to Maslow, higher-level needs become important to us only after our more basic needs are satisfied. These higher needs include the need for love and 'belongingness', the need for esteem, and the need for self-actualization (In Maslow's theory, a state in which people realize their greatest potential) (All information by means of Encarta Online Encyclopedia).
The selection of this theory was based on its deceptively simple presentation. At a first look, the definition of “caring” would appear to be rather generalized. As a grand theory, it has
Jean Watson’s Theory of Caring. Since its establishment as a profession more than a century ago, nursing has been a source for numerous debates related to its course, methods and development of nursing knowledge. Many nursing definitions and theories have evolved over time. Furthermore, it is in a constant process of being redefined.
Sitzman, K., & Watson, J. (2014). Caring science, mindful practice: Implementing Watson's Human Caring Theory. New York: Springer Publishing Company LLC.
Watson’s Theory of Transpersonal Caring is considered a philosophy; therefore, it is very broad and general in scope. Included in the theory are ten caritas the nurse should practice promoting a meaningful nurse-patient relationship (Sitzman & Wright Eichelberger, 2017).
Abraham Maslow did studies of the basic needs of human beings. He put these needs into a hierarchical order. This means that until the need before it has been satisfied, the following need can not be met (Encyclopedia, 2000). For example, if someone is hungry they are not thinking too much about socializing. In the order from lowest to highest the needs are psychological, safety, social, esteem, and self-actualization. The first three are classified as lower order needs and the last two are higher order (Hierarchy, 2000). Without meeting these needs workers are not going to be as productive as they could otherwise. The first three are considered to be essential to all humans at all times. The last two have been argued but are mostly considered to be very important as well.
The first concept of needs is physiological needs. Man’s needs are to have the ability to be organize . The best way to be organize is hierarchy. At the lowest level , it is important for person to have pre-eminent. A person at the lower levels needs to provide a shelter and food . Another need to that needs to fulfill is safety needs. A man’s need to feel safe from danger, threat , and deprivation. In organization , employees needs to feel safe from discrimination and unpredictable administration . Social needs is another aspect a person need in business. A person needs to belong by accept from their co-workers, and management. It is also important for manager to motivate their employees . Ego needs are important as well. It is important for employee to have high self -confidence and self -esteem . Employees needs to have self-fulfillment ( when a person discovered potential). It is important for person be motivate because they will have confidence to complete
Watson’s theory was built on the earlier values of nursing and emphasized caring, which is a core principal of what the profession of nursing was founded on (Sitzman, 2007). The concept of caring reflects a supportive, nonjudgmental, respectful, and healing environment for the patient and the nurse (Caring Science Theory & Research, 2015). According to Watson’s theory, caring is not only physical but spiritual, where the nurse and patient form a transpersonal caring relationship (Caring Science Theory & Research, 2015). In this relationship, the nurse connects the patient’s current health status to their spiritual well-being and mind set (Sitzman,
In 1943, psychologist Abraham Maslow developed a theory of basic human needs: Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs. His theory suggests that embedded in the very nature of each human being are certain needs that must be attained in order for a person to be whole physically, psychologically, and emotionally. First, there are phys...
Every human being has needs. On the most basic level, humans are animals, all animals, and all organisms, for that matter, have needs that act as a ‘motivation’ to ascertain their survival. Henry Murray defined needs as “potentiality or readiness to respond in a certain way under certain given circumstances" (1938).One distinguishing feature between us and other organisms however, is that humans may also posses wants or ‘goals’ whereas animals do not. Wants do not occur until needs have been satisfied, animals, especially in the wild, do not know when to expect their next meal, so are in constant pursuit of food, this means their needs are never fully satisfied, so, according to Isidoro Martínez, wants cannot materialise. “Once material needs satisfied, we may discover some intangible needs, like being valued by others, and self-esteem” However, arguably, these ‘intangible needs’ may be better preponderantly described as emotional wants, as being valued is not a necessity for survival in the short term. As our population has grown, society has decided to lay out these needs and wants in the form of human rights, endeavouring to ensure that everyone is able to fulfil their needs and can work towards achieving their desires.
Abraham Maslow wrote the Maslow’s hierarchy of needs theory. This theory was based on fulfilling five basic needs: physiological, safety, social, esteem and self-actualization. Maslow believed that these needs could create internal pressures that could influence the behavior of a person. (Robbins, p.204)