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Contract law in the US
Contract law in the US
Contract law in the US
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When determining if the contracts with inquiries from several large businesses will be governed by common law or the Uniform Commercial Code (UCC) in this case we must understand some important aspects of these contracts. In the United States, there are two primary sources of law that govern our contracts: the common law and the Uniform Commercial Code (UCC). Common law governs contracts for real estate, services, insurance, intangible assets, and employment. The elements of common law contracts are the following: Offer: An invitation for another to enter into a contract, Acceptance: Acquiescence to enter into a contract under the terms of the offer and Consideration: Anything of legal value that is asked for and received as the price for entering …show more content…
into a contract (Roger, S. (2012), Ch. 4). Additionally, in the common law contract, there are two types: a bilateral contract and a unilateral contract.
For instance, a bilateral contract is formed when both parties exchange a mutual promise to perform some action in the future and a unilateral contract is one party makes a promise to the other’s party performance is soon completed. Lastly, in the common law contract requires a spoken or written representation of the quantity, price, performance time, nature of work and the identity of an offer between two parties or one party offer to be part of a valid contract. Uniform Commercial Code (UCC) was drafted in “an attempt to unify state laws affecting commerce into a single code that all states could adopt to make interstate commerce easier and more efficient (Roger, S. (2012)). Seeing that it governs contracts between merchants and tangible objects (i.e. the sales of goods). The elements of Uniform Commercial Code (UCC) contract are the following: Offer: An invitation for another to enter into a contract, Acceptance: Acquiescence to enter into a contract under the terms of the offer (Roger, S. (2012)). In case, firm offers are made by merchants to either “buy or sell goods” and that merchant can be either “an offeror or offeree” depending upon who initiates the
contracts. Must be remembered, Uniform Commercial Code (UCC) has a what you call“gap fillers” which can create the terms of the contract that are left open. In fact, those terms will be filled into the contract when the contract becomes accepted. However, those terms are not definite fillers such as quantity that must be specified in the contract in order for it to be binding. Overall, I have determined the contracts with inquiries from several large businesses will be governed by common law due to the owner and the inquiries from several large businesses are in a bilateral contract.
A Louisiana attorney is constantly asked by non-Louisiana peers if the state ever adopted the Uniform Commercial Code or if they are still using the old, outdated, Napoleonic Code. Though Louisiana has stark interpretations of the relevance of the UCC, the state has adopted the code in piecemeal. This article is a partial synopsis of introducing readers to a few of the concepts of UCC as adopted by Louisiana compared to the existing principles of the law of sales.
Conservation popular? Yes, thanks to Franklin Roosevelt, the CCC and TVA. These two groups had similar goals on very different scales. Comparing the impact of the Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) to the Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) is like comparing the Federal Government to a State Government. Even as early as his acceptance speech for the Presidential nomination, Franklin Roosevelt (FDR) stated “Let us use common sense and business sense. Just as one example, we know that a very hopeful and immediate means of relief, both for the unemployed and for agriculture, will come from a wide plan of the converting of many millions of acres of marginal and unused land into timberland through reforestation. There are tens of millions of acres east of the Mississippi River alone in abandoned farms, in cut-over land, now growing up in worthless brush. Why, every European Nation has a definite land policy, and has had one for generations. We have none. Having none, we face a future of soil erosion and timber famine. It is clear that economic foresight and immediate employment march hand in hand in the call for the reforestation of these vast areas. ” Roosevelt’s acceptance speech for the Presidential Nomination. During the 100 days of law, which FDR based on the writing of John Maynard Keynes, plans were drawn up for creating government agencies to help put America back to work. Roosevelt came into office on March 4, 1933 and Senate Bill S. 598 was passed by Congress on March 31, 1933 creating the CCC. Executive Order 6101 dated April 5, 1933, authorized the program, and appointed Robert Fechner of Tennessee as director. The first CCC camps, called camp Roosevelt, opened up on April 17, 1933 (Golay). These camps were mostly made up of young white men between the ages of 15-30 years old, but the program did allow both African Americans
One.Tel was an Australia based GSM service provider meaning it functioned mainly in the telecom sector and eventually grew to become Australia’s fourth largest telecom service provider before being shrouded in controversy which lead to its eventual downfall. Jodee Rich and other executive directors of the company faced accusations of not discharging their duties as directors effectively with respect to the duty of care they had towards the best interests of the company. This duty is mandated by Section 180 of the Corporations Act, 2001 as well as principles of common law.
The primary purpose of the “Statute of Frauds” (SOF) is to protect the interests of parties once they are involved in litigating a contract dispute (Spagnola, 2008). The relevant statutes are reliant upon state jurisdictions to determine whether the contract falls under the SOF, and whether the writing of the contract satisfies the requirements of the statute of frauds (Spagnola, 2008). However, all contracts are not covered under the SOF. In essence, for a contract to be deemed as legal by definition of the SOF, there must be verification of the following requirements for formation of the contract, which are as follows: (1) There must be least two parties to the contract, (2) There must be a mutual agreement and acceptance on the price to pay for goods and services offered, (3) The subject matter or reason for entering the contract, must be clearly understood by all parties to the contract, (4) and there must be a stipulated time for performance of duties under the contractual obligations (Spagnola, 2008). Lastly, there are five categories of contracts that are covered under the SOF, which are as follows: (1) The transfer of real property interests, (2) Contracts that are not performable within one year, (3) Contracts in consideration of marriage, (4) Surtees and guarantees (answering to the debt of another), and (5) Uniform Commercial Code (U.C.C.) provisions regarding the sale of goods or services, legally valued over five hundred dollars ($500.00) (Spagnola, 2008).
Nowadays, trade secrets, sensitive and confidential data has been leaked to competitors and the public has increased in the last 15 years. Under those circumstances, enterprises are kicking it up into high gear to maintain confidentiality and secure intellectual property. All in all, Disney’s confidential/non-compete agreement tackles the pros and cons for signers, view the benefits and hindrances of former employer’s confidential accords, and outlines two important items high-level employees have to adhere to safeguard the company.
United States has several laws that ensure that competition among businesses flow rely and new competitors get free access to the market. These laws intend to ensure fair and balanced competitive business practices. However, there are times when some businesses will do anything to gain competitive edge. USA has strong antitrust laws that prohibit fixing market price, price discrimination, conspiring boycott, monopolizing, and adopting unfair business practices. The history of Antitrust laws goes back to 1890 when Congress passed Sherman Act. In 1914, Congress passed two more acts: Federal Trade Commission Act, and Clayton Act. With some revisions, these three acts are still core antitrust acts.
In all but name, building codes have been present in the construction industry for thousands of years. They can be found as far back as 1700BC, when King Hammurabi declared that the builder was responsible for and structural failure that occurred (Remmer & Norton, 1981). In a somewhat biblical fashion, the builder received ‘An eye for an eye’ punishment. Codes of practice have vastly evolved, however are still an essential component of the industry.
Together with the common law, the Uniform Commercial Code is one of the primary sources of contract law in the United States. The Uniform Commercial Code is commonly known as the UCC, that have been promulgated in conjunction with a purpose to harmonize the law of sales and other commercial exchanges within the U.S. As a model law, it's really proposal that each state has to choose whether to adopt or not but the code was enormously successful that it has been enacted in all of the 50 states, although with variations. Once they are adopted by the states they become state statute. Among other things, Article 2 of the UCC governs transactions for the sales of goods that are moveable items and they have to be tangible. The UCC also provides different provisions relying upon whether parties to a contract are merchants or non-merchants (referred to individuals who don't have expert knowledge about the goods he/she deals in).
James G. Skakoon, W. J. King and Alan Sklar (2007). The Unwritten Laws of Business. /: Tantor Media.
HILLIARD, J. And O’SULLIVAN, J. (2012) The Law of Contract [Online] 5th Ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Available from - http://books.google.co.uk/ [Accessed: 2nd January 2014]
Contractual agreement has always been viewed in terms of offer and acceptance. The universal principle to contract law has always been parties may get into an agreement in whichever way they deem fit and they are subject to certain terms as they choose. As far as legal requirements vital to their formation are binding contracts may be formed. Moreover a binding agreement may be manifested in terms of writing or in verbal form.
Unilateral – some offers are purely one sided, made without the offeror’s having any idea whether they will ever be taken up and accepted, and thereby be transformed into a contract. For example when an advertisement where a person is rewarding another one if he finds his pet (which was lost). In this case the person who is making such an offer is not sure whether this offer will be ever accepted.
A unilateral contract is a “Type of contract in which only one of the contracting parties is under an enforceable obligation.” http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/unilateral-contract.html#ixzz3DxarW5e4. Jennifer the offeror posted an advertisement on the 5th January 2014 about the sale of her new Poole contract law text book. She advertised that it will be sold for $75 on a first come first serve basis and the offer remains open for two weeks. She gave her phone number and her dorm address as forms of contact in the advertisement. Adherent to the wording of the document Jennifer entered into a unilateral contract where she is under enforceable obligation to terms she set forth in the
This judgment given set criterion which is still been used in the modern court system and due to this case it was developed that an offer of contract can be unilateral and doesn’t have to be made to a specific party only. Also it was developed to that the acceptance of an offer does not require a notification and that once the concerned party purchases the product the contract is active then and there itself. And it was also established that purchase of an item is a fine example of consideration and therefore makes it a valid contract. (Smith, 2000).
A contract is an agreement between two parties in which one party agrees to perform some actions in return of some consideration. These promises are legally binding. The contract can be for exchange of goods, services, property and so on. A contract can be oral as well as written and also it can be part oral and part written but it is useful to have written contract otherwise issues can be created in future. But both the written as well as oral contract is legally enforceable. Also if there is a breach of contract, there are certain remedies for that which are discussed later in the assignment. There are certain elements which need to be present in a contract. These elements are discussed in the detail in the assignment. (Clarke,