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Impression formation theory
Factors influencing formation of stereotypes
Doctrine of first impression
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Section 1
The concept I am going to discuss is clinging to first impressions. Clinging to first impressions means that when we originally meet someone, we decide what they are like from that one time of meeting them. A first impression is what causes someone to like or not like someone depending on the kind of person they get along with. Interplay states, “If our impressions are accurate, they can be useful ways of deciding how to respond best to people in the future (124).” Carlin Flora compares a first impression to a Polaroid picture of someone that never fades. This analogy is a metaphor to describe how a first impression sticks with someone. They never go away and stay with someone to be judged every time you see them after that. Interplay also mentions that impressions can be wrong about someone but instead of trying to fix it, we still tend to cling to it.
One of the reasons for developing an impression is the halo effect. Interplay states, the halo effect is when someone uses one positive characteristic to develop an overall impression of them. Flora mentions that only a short amount of time is necessary to make an impression on someone. Interplay states that attractiveness is one such characteristic that can be used to develop an overall characteristic. Flora believes that many of our impressions that are developed are made from stereotypes we have developed. Audra Lukaitis and Bill Davey also suggest that impressions are also important in websites and business. By impressions being important in the business field will be the reason if someone makes the deal or not. In their research it showed
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that a good impression of a website also helped with getting a hotel the business of a traveler. This is also ...
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...al Communication. 11th ed. New York: Oxford University Press, 2010. Print
Casriel, Erika. "STEPPING OUT." Psychology Today 40.2 (2007): 68-75. Psychology and Behavioral Science Collection. Web. 18 June 2010.
Flora, Carlin. "THE ONCE-OVER CAN YOU TRUST FIRST IMPRESSIONS?" Psychology Today 37.3 (2004): 60-66. Psychology and Behavioral Science Collection. Web. 16 June 2010.
Lukaitis, Audra, and Bill Davey. "Capturing the Mature Traveler: Assesing Web First Impressions." Issues in Informing Science & Information Technology 6 (2009): 845-53. Academic One File. Web. 20 June 2010.
Plante, Thomas G., Meghan Madden, Sonia Mann, Grace Lee, Allison Hardesty, Nick Gable, Allison Terry, and Greg Kaplow. "Effects of Perceived Fitness Level of Exercise PArtner on Intensity of Exertion." Journal of Social Sciences 6.1 (2010): 50-54. Academic Search Complete. Web. 19 June 2010.
Myers, David G. “Chapter 14: Social Psychology.” Psychology. 10th ed. New York, NY US: Worth
Assumptions influence our perceptions because when assumptions are made, it is often the case that there is not enough information for the assumptions to be accurate. Dillard gives an example that relates to this in her essay when she says, “[We] see what [we] expect” (Dillard 20). When an assumption is formed about a person or situation, then things that agree with that assumption is what is looked for, so that is what will be perceived. This may create inaccurate impressions. Another problem with making assumptions is that it is assumed that there is consistency to others’ behavior and often the focus on negative things about others. When it is assumed that there is consistency to others’ behavior, it is assumed that after seeing them act one way once or twice, they will always act like that. (Beebe 77). These examples relate to another idea that Dillard talks about in her essay. Dillard says, “Peeping through my keyhole I see within the range of only about thirty percent of light that comes from the sun…” (21). This agrees with an idea that people tend to ignore information when making perceptions and only looking at a small portion of the big picture and make perceptions based off of that. An example that relates to all of these would be if someone expects a person to be rude, then whenever those two people interact, rude behavior will be all that is looked for and all that is given any thought. People often form perceptions off of assumptions and small pieces of the big picture which oftentimes makes those perceptions that a person might have
First impressions are usually lasting impressions. Within the first thirty seconds, without any conscious effort, an image or opinion is formed influenced by cues perceived by our sensory organs. Though sometimes misleading, first impressions can be an accurate representation of a person, and once formed very difficult to change. Ability to assess at such a rate exhibits the involvement of the senses working together and the complexity each one may contribute. The role of Olfaction is studied (Sorokowska, 2013) in relation to accurately identifying first impression personality traits based solely on body odor.
Crisp, R, J. Turner, R, N. (2007). Essential Social Psychology. Sage Publications Limited. London. (UK). First Edition.
Norton, M. I., Frost, J. H., & Ariely, D. (2011). Does familiarity breed contempt or liking? Comment on Reis, Maniaci, Caprariello, Eastwick, and Finkel (2011). Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 101(3), 571-574. doi:10.1037/a0023202
For example, working in a surgical ward, a nurse was discussing with other colleagues about a certain patient who was in the holding bay, talking negatively about her lifestyle choices, when approaching the patient for the first time when arriving into the suite, she refused treatment from any of the nurse staff on the shift as she was upset at the things the nurse had said. First impressions influence people’s judgments of others and their willingness to engage in any further communication (Boc and Franklin, 2013).... ... middle of paper ... ...
First impressions are created by a composite of signals given off by a new experience (Flora, 2004). The judgment of these impressions depends on the observer and the person being observed (Flora, 2004). When you meet someone for the first time it takes about three seconds to be evaluated by the observer (Mind Tools, 1996-2011,). During this time the person forms an opinion about you based on your appearance, your body language, your demeanor, and how you dress (Mind Tools, 2996-2011,). Impressions are important to us because they are impossible to be reserved and the set the tone for all the relationships that follow (Mind Tools, 1996-2011).
Jennifer Unger & C. Anderson Johnson, “Explaining Exercise Behavior and Satisfaction with Social Exchange Theory,” Perceptual and Motor Skills 81 (1995): 603-608.
Internet Marketing News and Know-How. Hotel Marketing. 18 Feb. 2011. Web. 19 Apr. 2011. .
The New Yorker, with 47 publications each year, often generates some debate. In July 2007, the literary magazine released its latest issue. The cover included the title, price, edition, and three differently dressed women sitting on a bench. The first woman’s face and body are covered, except for her eyes. The second, with long blonde hair, is wearing a halter top, short shorts, sunglasses, and flip flops. The third is wearing a tunic and veil. Our first impressions are often stereotypical, and we must look deeper than the cover. Immediately, different conclusions are drawn based on each woman’s appearance. Just from this magazine cover, we can assume different things about each individual: including her religion, self image, and family life.
According to Baron, Byrne & Suls in their book Attitudes: Evaluating the social world. (1989) they defined the term Social Psychology as “the scientific field that seeks to understand the nature and causes of individual behavior in social situations”. (p. 6). There are many concepts of social perception, two of these that will be looked at in this essay are Implicit Personality Theory and stereotypes. Implicit personality theory describes the beliefs, biases and assumptions, that an individual uses when he or she forms impressions on a stranger based on limited information. The way we form impressions and the different conclusions we make about other people based upon our individual impressions is also part of this theory. One of the first people to investigate how people form impressions was Solomon Asch in the 1940’s in his experiment ‘Forming Impressions of Personality' he was interested in how people form impressions and if certain traits affected peoples impressions. A good example of Implicit personality theory is if someone who is considered unpredictable they may be considered dangerous. The second Concept of Social Psychology that will be considered is stereotypes. Cardwell (1996) described stereotypes as “...A fixed, over generalized belief about a particular group or class of people.” may have beliefs and thoughts on different social groups and individual people and how they should act, and believe that all people in that group conform and have the same characteristics as the rest. By using stereotypes, it helps us simplify how we think of the social world as having a stereotype reduces our thinking process when we meet new people. An example of stereotyping is saying that all French people wear berets and have garlic a...
...presence, prejudices and beliefs as sources of error of judgment, we must examine our first experiences. Because the idea that we need a lot of information to trust our judgments may be inaccurate. Often the effort to achieve this additional information gives us the illusion of certainty, makes us more vulnerable to error. Now, all rapid cognition must be based on our experience needed of cultural preset ideas. Like Johann Wolfgang von Goethe said, “Thinking is easy, acting is difficult, and to put one's thoughts into action is the most difficult thing in the world.”
The halo effect phenomenon is researched by Nisbett & Wilson (1977) and published in their experimental paper titled The Halo Effect: Evidence for Unconscious Alteration of Judgments and will be the main topic of this paper. The halo effect, also known as the physical attractiveness stereotype is a form of cognitive bias in which we assume that people who are physically attractive are also blessed with other appealing attributes such as kindness and intelligence. Limited information about the halo effect is known, and experiments conducted on the topic are even scarcer. This stereotype is portrayed to us at a young age through most Disney movies where we learn that if something is beautiful it is also good. A prime example is Cinderella and
“You never get a second chance to make a first impression.” A first impression is a person’s initial mental image of another person. It is formed upon the very first meeting of two people. Everyone makes and receives first impressions. Our physical appearance is the biggest factor that influences others’ first impression toward someone else.
Finally, as you can see, first impressions do have a great affect on people who meet you. They are the base of all relationships. First impressions are very important socially, educationally, and employment wise. Impressions on people usually last forever. Although people have second impressions, the first ones are very important.