Wait a second!
More handpicked essays just for you.
More handpicked essays just for you.
B F Skinner
Human development chapter 4
Freud's theory of psychology
Don’t take our word for it - see why 10 million students trust us with their essay needs.
Recommended: B F Skinner
After viewing the video Child of Rage, many social work aspects can be seen throughout the video and can directly apply to several developmental theories. The following will analyze required human development according to Freudian Psychodynamics, Skinner’s Behaviorism and Roger’s Humanism perspectives and the contributing factors that led to Beth’s, (the focus of the film) negative early childhood development. Freud’s Psychodynamics According to Freud, “Sexual and aggressive drives are the root causes of our behavior and that early childhood is the critical period during which the individual’s personality is formed through the interaction of these drives with the socialization process within the family,” (Nye, pg. 2, 2000). That being said, Beth’s behavior can be explained based upon her severe childhood molestation combined with the neglectful acts of her birth parents. The video stated that Beth was sexually molested, on several occasions by her father and was left unattended with no positive interaction from her parents, including appropriate feeding habits. These combined factors left Beth with the inability to form secure attachment to anyone, leaving her personality void of empathy, care or concern, hence her …show more content…
This type of controlled operant conditioning would strengthen positive emotions,” (Robins, et. al., pg. 350-351). Operant conditioning reflects on what happens after a behavior occurs (Robins, et. al., pg. 349), the lack of positive reinforcement in Beth’s early childhood structured her to believe that those harmful acts (sexual abusing and physically harming others) essentially are ways one is supposed to interact with others. She was never provided a caring environment where her needs were fully met, therefore the development outcome of love, happiness, empathy, etc. never occurred; making her learned behavior seem normal to
Operant conditioning explains that behaviors followed by positive outcomes are more likely to be repeated than behaviors followed by negative outcomes. Punishment, which is a part of operant conditioning, is something received or taken away from an individual decreasing the likihood that a behavior would be repeated. The best example from The Lion King of a punishment is when Nala ran away from Simba after he informed her that he was not returning to Pride Rock. Simba deeply loved Nala and he hoped she would agree with the Hakuna Matata philosopy that he was using to hide from his past. But she did not and ran from Simba after an argument. The fact that his true love did not want to be with him was a punishing blow to Simba, helping him rethink his worldview and preparing him for the meeting with
“Operant conditioning is a method of learning that occurs through rewards and punishments for behavior. Through operant conditioning, an association is made between a behavior and a consequence for that behavior” (Cherry). Positive reinforcement which is praising a person for doing something good verses negative reinforcement which is an unpleasant remark a punishment. B.F. Skinner did an experiment on a rat, the rat was taught to push two buttons, one to receive food and the other was a light electric shock. The rat tried both buttons and realized which button was good and which one was bad. This experiment goes to show that upon the rewards and punishment system one can learn their rights from their wrongs through a series of lessons. Kincaid and Hemingway both use operant conditioning to show human behavior under stimulus control.
Operant conditioning is a kind of conditioning, which examines how often a behavior will or occur depending on the effects of the behavior (King, 2016, pg. ). The words positive and negative are used to apply more significance to the words reinforcement or punishment. Positive is adding to the stimulus, while negative is removing from the stimulus (King, 2016). For instance, with positive reinforcement, there is the addition of a factor to increase the number of times that the behavior occurs (King, 2016). An example of positive reinforcement is when a child is given an allowance for completing their household chores. The positive reinforcement is the allowance which helps to increase the behavior of doing chores at home. In contrast with negative
CBT adopts a perspective on learned behavior, whereas unhealthy behaviors can be learned and un-learned and then substituted for more healthy behaviors. This form of therapy does not assume that people are innately flawed, rather their environment and behaviors modeled by others teach them how to behave. Another important aspect of CBT is that thoughts and beliefs influence behavior. Social scientist and their theories such as Pavlov’s classical conditioning and Skinner’s operant conditioning contributed to the make-up of the CBT. Classical conditioning explains human behavior as a response to repeated stimuli. In relevance to Mrs. Kay’s case, the crying behaviors and feelings of helplessness are classically condition. In regards to operant conditioning, human behavior is contingent on reinforcements. A reward or positive reinforcement for a particular behavior encourages the behavior to continue and/or improve. In contrast, discipline or negative reinforcement of a behavior discourages the behavior from continuing, as well as allows the person to avoid unwanted or uncomfortable experiences. Both positive and negative reinforcements can lead a person to continuing the behavior that will give them the reinforcement that they desire. In regards to Mrs. Kay, her silence and lack of request may have lead caretakers to praise her being so easy to manage and strong, which made her feel good and
Erik H. Erikson was a significant psychologist that greatly changed the field of child development. In the 1950’s, Erikson advanced a Freudian approach in development. He viewed that social development as a series of eight challenges that people have to overcome. Each challenge has an outcome that’s either favorable or unfavorable. The outcome drastically affects a person’s personality. For example, in a favorable outcome, the result can leave a positive feeling. With a positive outlook, it’s easier for a person to cope with challenges in life. An unfavorable outcome can leave a person at a disadvantaged for the future. During the first couple challenges, Erikson believed that the caregiver has a great impact on a child’s development (Romero).
When a parent yells at their children, most people will not think anything of it. In fact, majority would call this natural, a natural teaching of a child with behavior management problems. Throughout my research, I have learned the concept of how the tip of the iceberg of behavior issues is reflected as the beginning age of verbal abuse, and the beginning of borderline personality disorders. A sense of disruption to their emotions has enhanced the cycle to obtain borderline personality disorder, which has started an ongoing epidemic of other disorders. Also these disorders can cause children to feel a sense of disruption. This encourages a malfunction in the brain, which could eventually be their demise and the need to succeed is outcast by the feeling of failure. Verbal abuse has been around for some time now, during this new age it has peaked at its highest point with no slight chances of slowing down. Borderline personality disorder is indeed caused by the verbal abuse and children who have witnessed this are ticking time bombs waiting for something or someone to push the wrong ...
Operant conditioning is a type of learning where a person is taught that specific actions are related to specific consequences. The main goal of using this type of conditioning is to encourage the individual to change his or her behavior in some way. Specifically, the individual can be encouraged to perform a desired behavior more often through use of positive reinforcement and negative reinforcement, and he or she can also be encouraged to perform an undesired behavior less often through use of positive punishment and negative punishment. Positive reinforcement is basically a type of operant conditioning in which an addition or reward is given to the individual when he or she has displayed the desired behavior, and as a result, the behavior
The immediate benefits of the residential treatment not only led to the protection of her brother, but provided Beth with a controlled and structured environment where she could being to earn and cultivate trust between her and the people around her. It was evident that the residential treatment, coupled with the therapy that Beth had been receiving was making a difference in her life. She demonstrated remarkable improvement. For instance, Beth began to exhibit some feelings of sorrow and remorse over her past behaviors. She cried when she acknowledge that by acting the way that she did, she not only hurt her family members, but also hurt herself. By the end of the video, she had earned a substantial amount of trust. She went from sleeping by herself with alarms on the door and locked into her room, to sleeping in the same room as other children. She started engaging in activities. Instead of attacking and killing animals, she began to feed and nurture them. Despite her many improvements, the documentary clearly expressed that for Beth, full recovery would likely be a lifetime
Behavior modification is based on the principles of operant conditioning, which were developed by American behaviorist B.F. Skinner. In his research, he put a rat in a cage later known as the Skinner Box, in which the rat could receive a food pellet by pressing on a bar. The food reward acted as a reinforcement by strengthening the rat's bar-pressing behavior. Skinner studied how the rat's behavior changed in response to differing patterns of reinforcement. By studying the way the rats operated on their environment, Skinner formulated the concept of operant conditioning, through which behavior could be shaped by reinforcement or lack of it. Skinner considered his discovery applicable to a wide range of both human and animal behaviors(“Behavior,” 2001).
There are few fields within the child development science. One of them is represented by the psychoanalytical theory, which looks at the child emotional development within the context of social interaction and early attachments. This framework is called psychosocial as it looks on the emotional and social aspects. Running in parallel and influencing each other there are two more main areas, cognitive and physical. Although I am focusing on the aspects of the psychosocial development, it is important to remember that all these areas are being affected one by the other, where the development of the emotional skills plays central role in a regular development of cognitive and physical skills.
Operant conditioning is a system of learning that transpires through punishment and rewards for behaviors (Kalat, 2011). Through this, a connection linking a behavior and a consequence is made. For instance a kid could be told that she will not get recess privileges if she talks in class. This possibility of being punished leads to decrease in disruptive behaviors from her. The major components of operant condition are punishment and reinforcement (Kalat, 2011).
One of the observations that takes place in the documentary is looking at conflict amongst the children. The group of four year olds find this difficult due to their developmental stage and there is more aggression and accretion showing. The group of five year olds are showing more socially complex behaviour but some struggled to regulate their emotions which caused a paucity of control. The g...
Wood, A. E., Wood, E. G., & Boyd, D. (2007). Child development: The world of psychology.
We’re raised to believe for every cause there is an effect, Newton's Third Law of Motion states "For every action there is equal and opposite reaction." Thus people act and do the things because they are reacting towards an action. Many wonder especially teachers; why certain children have outbursts and are temperamental compared to calmer and collective children, and if you were to ask Erickson he would probably say that—that child is lacking the Ego strength ‘hope’ which is stage one of Erickson’s ‘Ego Development theory’. This stage is from Birth- 1 year of age. This is the stage where a child learns basic trust vs. mistrust.
This is selective reinforcement. Pavlov and his dogs were and excellent example of operant conditioning. Pavlov rang a bell when it was time for the dogs to eat; eventually the dogs associated the bell with food. Each time the bell rang the dogs salivated. On the other hand, N.Chomsky who was a nativist argued that children are born with a language acquisition device (LAD).