Results
The duration of the invader cricket in the resident’s home allowed data to be collect for all groups. When the ten minuet time frame had elapsed, and after all the experiments were conducted, there was a sample size of 478 crickets that were used. The total number of trials that were completed was 239. The number of expected wins between the resident cricket and intruder cricket was expected to be equal (50/50). The expected frequency was 50 percent and the chi-square test resulted in a p-value of .0015 which rejected the null hypothesis and accepted the alternative hypothesis. The degree of freedom was one.
Discussion
The calculated result from the chi-square test gave a p-value of .0015. The null hypothesis was rejected and the alternative hypothesis was accepted because the p-value was less than .05. The
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The resident cricket approached the intruder cricket and would kick or bite the intruder. No crickets that were examined showed all five levels of aggression. Majority of time, the resident and intruder crickets avoided each other. The most aggressive attack that was directed towards the intruder cricket was one of the resident crickets tore off the leg of the intruder. The crickets were not evenly matched due to the limited choices of crickets that were able to be chosen from.
There are alternative explanations for the data collected and some limitations to the experiment. Sizes varied among the house crickets which may have caused some of the pairs of house crickets to be unequal in size. The cricket that was larger had a better chance to attack and win more often compared to the smaller cricket. Another limitation for this experiment is that many crickets died before the experiment could be conducted. Due to the small container size, the house crickets were also stressed out because they were not contained in their natural
Madagascar hissing cockroaches (Gromphadorhina portentosa) were the ectotherms used to compare standard metabolic rates and mass specific metabolic rates between organisms. To calculate metabolic rates for these individuals a system comprised of many parts was needed. A gas pump was needed to deliver airflow into the system. This gas pump was connected to a flow meter that could detect the flow rate of the gas passing through. The air would then flow into a Ascarite Column that would scrub out the CO2 from the system before the animal chamber was reached so that no CO2 that was not emitted by the animal would be collected. Then the Madagascar hissing cockroach would be in the animal chamber connected to the Ascarite Column and it would
Variation in selection pressures on the goldenrod gall fly and the competitive interactions of its natural enemies
I hypothesized that sowbugs preferred damp soil, to dry, because moisture was the perceived causative agent. I observed that the sowbugs spent more time on the damp soil, rather than the dry soil (Table 1). The sowbugs spent 85% of their observed time on the damp soil side of the experimental chamber (Table 1). These results support my hypothesis, because they suggest that moisture of soil determines where sowbugs will prefer to spend their time (Table 1).
Collected data were subjected to analysis of variance using the SAS (9.1, SAS institute, 2004) statistical software package. Statistical assessments of differences between mean values were performed by the LSD test at P = 0.05.
To conduct the experiment, the beetles were massed, then attached to a petri dish with a 30 centimeter piece of dental floss. The beetle’s mass was the independent variable. Afterwards, the floss was tied to the beetle’s midsection with a slip knot. Then, the beetle was placed on a piece of fabric with the petri dish attached to it. As soon as the beetle was able to move with one paperclip inside the petri dish, more were added, one by one, until it could not move any further. After the beetle could not pull any more, the paperclips were massed and the results were recorded. The dependent variable was the mass that the beetles could pull. No control group was included in this experiment.
Outline the physical similarities between the (Blaptica dubia) cockroach and the cricket. Explain previous studies on physical stress in the cricket and in different species of cockroaches. Briefly discuss how the metabolic rate between the two species has been found to be very similar.
Abstract: The house cricket, Acheta domesticus, was used to test whether food and potential mates drive aggressive behavior. Male crickets were randomly selected in pairs and place into a cage to observe aggressive behaviors in the presence of no food, food, and female. The cage provided a confine area for the crickets to fight one another while the variables of food and female were used in attempts of increasing aggressive interactions between the male crickets. There was no significance found through this experiment due to a lack of data. It was discovered that the experiment would have to be done at a larger scale to be able to see any significance in the two variables.
Both some of the original flies and some offspring died during the experiment which could have influenced the results. If a vestigial fly died before it could mate that would give the wild type males an advantage in mating and producing a greater number of offspring. This would also be the case if any flies were harmed at any time during the mating period. To try and combat this problem the next time this experiment is done a larger number of male fruit flies could be used or more samples taken to try and reduce extremes in the data. Studying fruit fly mating behavior is very important because their generation length is so short and reproduction happens rapidly.
The experiment was conducted to test three different variables. These variables are an assessment of female aggressiveness, food deprivation, and staged male to female interactions. When testing the female aggressiveness, virgin females were run through a latency of attack assay to determine their aggressiveness. The spiders were given 30 seconds and a cricket was dropped in and a measurement was taken of how long interaction occurred between the cricket and the spider. When testing food deprivation, the number of days that female spiders went without food varied and was paired in groups of 1, 3, and 5 days for routine feeding. It was predicted that the longer female spiders went without food, the hungrier they would be. When testing staged male and female interactions, the males were placed in female containers with open lids as an escape route. Each pair interacted for six hours and all pairs resulted in successful copulation, sexual cannibalism, or the male abandons the female’s web. All instances of cannibalism were precopula and occurred shortly after males initiated their courtship sequence. After interaction, the remaining males were taken out the female web and females that cannibalized a male were given 24 hours to feed on the male before being given another male. A female never cannibalized two males consecutively. It was concluded that females that attacked prey more rapidly were more likely to cannibalize their first male mate. There is no detection of an association between cannibalism or food deprivation and female’s body mass. There is a positive association between the mass of egg cases and the number of offspring in females. The study proved that two factor are important in sexual cannibalism, female hunger state and female aggressiveness. There is also a source of fitness benefit for the female.
The tennis ball is the constant variable factor (the variable that is kept the same, to make the investigation valid). The ball will dropped from increasing heights (cm-25, 50, 75,100,125,150,175,200) and the bounce of the ball will be measured. A sample size of 3 results will be taken from each height the ball is dropped. The same investigation will then be repeated, but one of the independent variables will be changed.
n hypothesis of the experiment is that the group containing four members will perform better than the group containing two members. This is the foundation from which we have conducted our experiment.
Chi-Square is a statistical test that is utilized to make comparisons of observed data with data that the researcher expects to find with respect to a specified hypothesis. The test is used to determine whether the deviations in the data observed from the expected data have occurred just by chance or is caused by other factors (Brooks, 2008). The Chi-Square is usually employed to test the null hypothesis. For instance, it can be used to test whether there is no significant difference between the expected and observed outcomes.
Crack! You can hear the sound as the wood bat makes contact with the ball. It flies in the opposite direction of the batter at a racing speed with a direct path towards a fielder standing many yards away. With your eyes closed, it is difficult to notice the difference between cricket and baseball. In fact, both sports share a lot of the same ideas, just with different interpretations. Although there are many striking similarities between baseball and cricket, including their origins and the equipment used, an observer can notice the disparity between the two games in regards to their rules and their respectable techniques of playing.
Seventh, in some groups of insects, truly social behavior has evolved. Social behavior will allow a large population to survive through difficult periods via cooperation in food gathering, food storage, temperature control, and colony
The Collier Encyclopedia’s definition for probability is the concern for events that are not certain and the reasonableness of one expectation over another. These expectations are usually based on some facts about past events or what is known as statistics. Collier describes statistics to be the science of the classification and manipulation of data in order to draw inferences. Inferences here can be read to mean expectations, leading to the conclusion that the two go hand in hand in accomplishing what mankind has tried to accomplish since the beginning of time – predicting the future. It is the notion of science that this is the most accurate way to predict events yet to occur and this has lead to it being the most widely accepted “fortune telling'; tool in the world today.