The problem of water shortage is one of the major limiting factors in food production and agriculture development in the arid and semi arid regions. Reclaimed water is one of the most significant available water resources that shall be consumed in agriculture and urban landscape maintenance. In order to investigate the impact of water quality and its application method on olive trees this experiment was carried out during 2010-2012 in the semiarid central part of Iran on young olive trees. The trees were irrigated by a new subsurface-leaky irrigation (SLI) system and surface irrigation in line with irrigation with recycle and clean water for 24 months. The results revealed that SLI system could enhance trees growth, leaf area, Fv/Fm and photosynthesis by68, 26, 4 and 42% respectively, although it decreased leaves soluble sugars (47%). In addition, irrigating trees by SLI system using reclaimed water could increase N and Mg uptake 138 and 8% respectively. Plants irrigated with RW showed improved growth (42%) leaf area26% and photosynthesis 23.4% compared with CL water. Furthermore Mg, Na, K, P and N surprisingly increase 12, 59, 30, 7, and 92 % respectively in leaf tissue in application recycle water. In overall, this experiment showed that recycled water could be a favorable resource for olive trees irrigation and SLI irrigation system was more efficient in irrigation in this research.
Key word: Recycle water, subsurface irrigation, Nutrition element
Abbreviation: CW: clean water, RW: recycle water, SI: surface irrigation system, SLI: subsurface leakage irrigation, Ph: photosynthesis, E: evaporation, gs: stomata conductance,
Introduction:
Water shortage in arid and semi-arid regions and declining its availability to a crisis ...
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...996). P was estimated by colorimetrical determinations using spectrophotometer (UV-160, A, shimadzu, Japan.).
2-3-Data analysis
Collected data were subjected to analysis of variance using the SAS (9.1, SAS institute, 2004) statistical software package. Statistical assessments of differences between mean values were performed by the LSD test at P = 0.05.
Result
The effect of water quality on Vegetative measurements and photosynthesis indices of the trees are presented in Table 1. No significant differences were found between parameters: gs, shoot number in both years, but others were higher in RW application. Height of trees and leaf area in first year was not significant but in second year it increased by 42 and 29% respectively in application RW. Photosynthesis rate appears significantly higher (23.4 µmol m−2 s−1) in plants receiving recycle water than clean water.
In the World, the liquid medium that we know as water is the main component that keeps humans, animals and their respective ecosystems alive. Everything from trees down to the smallest leaf requires it, and it is required for any lifeform to continue to grow. Though as humanity expands and continues on an upward slope, humans as a lifeforce continue to need more. Water is a defining aspect of a community, and with the ever-rising population and human-crafted climate change coming to an all-time high, one of the most important water origins of the southeast region is coming to a very dangerous low.
Most of water consumed in China is not rationally used. The cause which intensifies the water shortage in China is water inefficient use. For instance, 65%-70% of Chinese water usage is spent on agricultural needs, but more than half of this amount evaporates percolates and loses (Roberts 2009). Besides, majority of another 20%-25% which is occupied by China’s industry is not recycled (Brown 2008a, 16; Roberts 2009). Obviously, improving water distribution technologies and management quality can be one of the options to reduce the water scarcity in China. There are many different methods of improving the water distribution efficiency. Firstly, irrigation technologies should be improved. Farmers in China may use drip and shrink irrigation methods instead of traditional “surface” ones such as furrow and flood irrigation. Drip irrigation method is used mostly in arid and semi-arid zones and it increases the efficiency of irrigation by transporting the water directly to the roots of irrigated plant. The emitters sprinkle the soil under the roots with water which is introduced to the plant by pipes, diminishing water evaporation, deep percolation and leak. In contrast, fur...
plants increases so will the need for nutrient control programs to ensure the natural water bodies
Snyder, R. (2009). Water In The Greenhouse. Growing Produce. Retrieved on March 20, 2014 from http://www.growingproduce.com/uncategorized/water-in-the-greenhouse/
In order to understand the content of this lab report, some major concepts must first be understood. It was once said that in short, geographers study “what is where, why, and so what”(Fairbanks and Sato). One concept that is needed to be known in order to understand the why aspect of this question is insolation. Insolation or incoming solar radiation is energy intercepted by a unit area on the Earth’s surface (Fairbanks and Sato). Insolation is a term needed to be understood in order to fully comprehend different patterns in climate. Second, within this lab report, potential evapotranspiration will be studied in order to help determine the water budget for each given city. Potential evapotranspiration is the amount of water that would be removed from the surface of a grid cell by evaporation and transpiration, if the amount of water already present in the...
All the data were expressed as mean ± standard deviation of the mean (SD). The student t test, one-way and two- way analysis of variance (ANOVA), and the least significant difference (LSD) tests were used. The p-value of <0.05 was accepted.
In our generation of new technologies and high civilization it is hard to believe that our World is in Water crisis. This crisis is affecting not only low-developed parts of the world but also it affects high-developed countries, about one third of the humanity suffers from the scarcity of water (Molden 2010). One of the main causes of it is overpopulation. In increasing water demand water sources which we have now are not able to renew themselves. Another factor of water scarcity is not economized water consumption. Nowadays most of countries are beginning to realize that solving the problem of scarcity of water is very crucial. One of them is Mexico where water shortage is the national problem.
Climate change has been happening for many years and it continues to do so. It is a significant change in regards to the distribution of weather patterns over a given time frame such as decades or millennia. In recent times, the climate change is called “global warming” and it has been linked to certain human activities (NRC 2010). This shows that climate change is not limited to biotic factors. In a general sense, these changes have the potential to impact populations and ecosystems due to alterations in the water cycle. Climate change impacts includes too little water in some regions while too much water in other regions. Changes in precipitation patterns can influence plant physiology and thereby affect the rates of photosynthesis. Such patterns include drought in which warmer temperatures increase evaporative stress on a plant and increased rain or frequency of storms can influence water uptake by plants. Under both conditions, there is a change in photosynthetic rates. Photosynthesis allows the plant to accumulate carbon, grow and produce biomass (Niu et al. 2008). Therefore, a change in photosynthetic rates can be either beneficial or harmful to a plant. The effects of altered precipitation patterns on photosynthetic rates is significant to the scientific field because it gives insight on the shifts in plant community composition and how it affects the water availability for human and ecosystem uses (Kray et al. 2012). In addition, understanding the connection between water relations and photosynthesis with respect to changes in precipitation patterns could help with management decisions of ecosystems, where climate change indicates alterations in species composition, in water availability for wildlife and in fire regimes (L...
The authors of this article have outlined the purpose, aims, and objectives of the study. It also provides the methods used which is quantitative approach to collect the data, the results, conclusion of the study. It is important that the author should present the essential components of the study in the abstract because the abstract may be the only section that is read by readers to decide if the study is useful or not or to continue reading (Coughlan, Cronin, and Ryan, 2007; Ingham-Broomfield, 2008 p.104; Stockhausen and Conrick, 2002; Nieswiadomy, 2008 p.380).
An SPSS data analysis was conducted to synthesis and analyse the raw results. Through the SPSS software, a t-test was conducted for the three sets of data obtained. For hypothesis 1 and 2, an independent t-test was conduced and for hypothesis 3 a repeated measures t-test was conducted.
This project is about testing to see what affects different types and concentrations of greywater, water from showers, washing machines and other water with traces of soap, on the growth of plants. Climate change is a major problem that applies to the whole world and needs to be addressed before it gets worse. As a result of climate change, natural supplies such as fresh water, are declining which is resulting in less water able to be used in ways most necessary to people, such as drinking and growing crops. In this experiment, sixteen pots were each filled with one snow pea seedling and watered with a different dilution ranging from only water to three different concentrations of two types of laundry detergent, Radiant and Earth’s Choice.
The article evaluates the efficiency, effectiveness, social, economic and environmental impacts of the drip irrigation system. The drip irrigation system has the potential to increase the agricultural productivity and also to reduce water usage required for irrigation. It is a system of pipes and tubing located under the soil. Water is passed through these pipes which end near the roots of the plants. This makes the water loss minimal.
Water mismanagement has become a crisis of governance that will impact heavily on public health and the environment, while tensions and conflicts increase over declining resources.... ... middle of paper ... ... Together I Think UV oxidation and the Life Saver Bottle should be used I say this because the Life Saver Bottle is meant for Third world countries where the water is dirtied by bacteria and viruses not chemicals.
"World Water Council - World Water Council." World Water Council - World Water Council. N.p., n.d. Web. 17 Apr. 2014. .
Water is an integral part of not only human beings but all other creatures in the world. We use it every day for different purposes such as domestic, agricultural and industrial. Water has always been a prestigious resource. However, the majority of people do not appraise water’s worth since they do not face water scarcity; whereas, in third world countries it is one of the most serious problems. Nearly 2.4 billion people have a lack of water resources in the world, shows the investigation done by the Pacific Institute, an Oakland, California-based non-profit scientific research group. Moreover, every year this number is growing gradually and more people are suffering (Bloomberg News, 2010). There are certain causes which deteriorate current situation. The most influential reasons are global warming, pollution by human-beings and overpopulation. It is known that India is one of the countries which face water scarcity so this essay will consider the possible ways of solutions of water shortage in India.