THE CHEMISTRY OF DYING AND BLEACHING HAIR AND HOW THE pH IS AFFECTED
What is hair?
Hair is made mainly out of keratin which is a protein also found in the skin and nails. The natural hair colour of a person is determined by the ratios and quantities of eumelanin, which is responsible for darker shades of hair, and phaeomelanin, which is responsible for blonde, ginger and red hair colours., present in the hair. The absence of either of these proteins causes hair to become white/grey. [1]
Cosmetic hair colouring
Hatural hair ‘dyes’ such as henna and mineral salts and even beetroot are still used but hair colouring is becoming a predominantly chemical endeavour that involves the chemical manipulation of the chemistry and colour of hair fibres through bleaching and dying.
Colouring hair is a well-defined, in depth study of how keratin interacts with dyes, oxidising agents and conditioners.[2]
Temporary hair colour
Temporary/semi-permanent hair dyes deposit dyes on the outside of the hair shaft or consist of small pigment molecules that enter the hair shaft through the use of little to no peroxide. The lack of ammonia means the hair shaft isn’t opened during the dying process so the hair retains its natural colour after the dye has been washed out.[1]
Permanent hair colour
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The dye reacts to the inner portion/cortex of the hair to deposit or remove colour. Ammonia opens the cuticle and allows the dye to penetrate the cortex. It also acts as a catalyst when permanent dye comes together with peroxide. Most permanent dyes involve a two-step process; the first removing the hair’s natural colour (lightening/ bleaching the hair), the second adds the new one (colourant is bonded to the hair shaft). Peroxide breaks chemical bonds in hair, releasing sulfur, which accounts for the characteristic odour of hair
the DNA from the roots of the hair. The replicated DNA samples were then placed into the
The hair of the scalp is longer and more flexible, while the hair of the eyebrows tends to be short and stiff. Oval shaped hair shafts produce wavy hair, flat hair shafts create curly hair and hair shafts that are perfectly round create straight hair. There are also different types of melanin, a natural compound responsible for the production of color in the eyes, skin and hair. There is yellow, brown and black melanin, each produced by melanocytes located at the follicle base. With age, melanin production decreases, causing greying of hair. (Applegate & Saunders, 2001, pp
Welcome to the 60’s, a time of sky-high hairdos, colorful clothing and jivin’ music. But beyond all the glitz and glamour of the era, segregation and discrimination is ever present in the city of Baltimore, until one big girl with even bigger ideas challenges the norm. In an infectious production of “Hairspray,” Thomas S. Wootton High School had the audience tapping their toes and moving to the beat all evening.
Alopecia is a medical term for baldness. It is an autoimmune disease whereby the individual's own immune system attacks hair follicles for an unknown reason and disrupts normal hair formation, usually on the scalp. When this happens the persons hair starts to fall out. In rare occasions the person loses all of the hair on his or her head what is known as alopecia areata totalis or on the entire body known as alopecia areata universalis.
“The Shampoo” by Elizabeth Bishop was written near the beginning of Bishop’s residence in Brazil and is a direct homage to her lover Lota. Bishop uses the mundane act of washing a loved one’s hair as the basis for a brilliant meditation on the nature and progression of time. In “The Shampoo” Elizabeth Bishop uses imagery, metaphor, and diction to compare the gradual movements in nature over time with the process of aging. Bishop draws a contrast between the process of aging and the timeless relationship she has with her partner.
“The Shampoo” by Elizabeth Bishop was written near the beginning of Bishop’s residence in Brazil and is a direct homage to her lover Lota. Even though Lota is not directly addressed in the poem, an earlier draft of the poem reveals a connection to her longtime lover. Bishop uses the mundane act of washing a loved one’s hair as the basis for a brilliant meditation on the nature and progression of time. In “The Shampoo” Elizabeth Bishop uses imagery of nature, metaphor of time, and deliberate diction to compare the gradual movements in nature over time with the process of aging. Bishop draws a contrast between the process of aging and the timeless relationship she has with
First, decide what color to dye the hair. Next, get all the materials you will be most likely using like a mirror, a newspaper to protect areas from staining, a shirt you don’t mind getting dye on, a towel you don’t mind staining, and getting wet, and a pair of gloves, preferably nylon to protect hands from hair dye. You will also need the color you chose, a tray or plastic bottle to mix the dye, a brush also known as a sprush, and a comb to
"Healthy Hair = Protein Moisture PH." Organic Hair Color for Salon Professionals Healthy Hair Protein Moisture PH Comments. N.p., n.d. Web. 03 Dec. 2013.
Thick, luscious locks are often associated with youth, health, success, and attractiveness. In fact, our society places great importance on hair and many individuals feel that it plays an important role in their identity. As a result, regardless of one’s age or gender, hair loss can have a significant impact on an individual’s self-esteem. Unfortunately, thinning hair is relatively common amongst both men and women as it is caused by several factors, such as hormonal changes, stress, poor diet, medications, medical conditions, and, most often, genetics. Since in most instances, hair loss is a progressive process, it is important to take action if you are troubled by thinning hair. If you are searching for a hair loss solution, you may come
This experiment demonstrated the ability of agarose gel electrophoresis to separate the mixture of dyes into their individual components by the application of a combination of dyes to the same sample well. The experiment effectively demonstrated that the dyes where different in structure, energy, and composition. Most of the dyes where negatively charged at neutral pHs and only one with positive charge. The positive charge one moved an opposite direction compared to the other dyes.
In this situation we were able to observe the production of pink/ gold melanin; however it is the amount of polyphenol-oxidase found in each cell and time that reflects the production and color change of melanin. The production and color change of melanin would guide us to determine the rate of the enzymatic activity. The higher amount of melanin being produce will result darker colors, which will lead to higher absorbance, which shows faster enzymatic rate. In addition, polyphenol-oxidase acts as an oxidase that can catalyze the oxidation by binding with molecular oxygen to form OH group. (Samisch 1935) When polyphenol-oxidase is exposed to oxygen, it will immediately catalyze the oxygen to speed up reactions with substrate to produce melanin. In this procedure we also assumed that the substrate in our solution is in excess. Since there is an excess substrate concentration, all the active sites of the enzyme will become occupied with substrate, resulting for the enzyme to become saturated with substrate and the velocity of the chemical reaction has reach its maximal rate, also known as
When approaching the topic of hair chemistry, one may think about the question, where does hair come from? Saclike holes called follicles are located all over the human body. At the bottom of these follicles are a cluster of papilla responsible for the growth of hair. As the papilla, otherwise known as hair bulbs reproduce to make new hair cells, the old ones are pushed up towards the surface of the skin causing the hair to grow longer. This may seem like a simple concept to grasp. However, the process of hair growth is a little more in depth.
Have you ever looked in the mirror and seen many white flakes in your hair? That is a sign you have trouble with dandruff. There have been many shampoos that have been created like Dove, Suave, and Pantene. Every shampoo brand has a different way of using ads to persuade buyers, but one shampoo who is made for men, guarantees greatness, and not dandruff is Head & shoulders. This advertisement is found in the Sports illustrated magazine. Head & shoulders advertisement effectively persuades its target audience to purchase their shampoo through the use of ethos, logos, and pathos.
Do you want to colour your hair and change your look overnight? When you think of hair colour, does the word “ammonia” ring warning bells in your ears? Are you confused by the “ammonia-free” label on hair colours and what it means? Then this article is going to answer all your questions and put your concerns about hair colouring to rest. Most people are under the impression that all hair colours are bad for their hair.
Hue is the common name for the colours in the spectrum which are red, orange, yellow, green, blue, and violet. A pigment is a colouring ag...