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The effect of positive psychology
Concepts of positive psychology
Concepts of positive psychology
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Positive Education Positive psychology is the study of the “good life” (Peterson, 2006). Peterson explained that living a good life is much deeper than just feeling artificially happy and smiling all of the time. Instead it may include such difficult actions as standing up for values and beliefs in the face of adversity, like taking a stand against slavery. Victor Frankl wrote about another important aspect of positive psychology in his book, Man’s Search for Meaning (2006). As a Holocaust survivor, he realized that meaning was critical for having a fulfilling life. The field of positive psychology also includes helping others, optimism, resiliency, wellness, strengths, and several other characteristics (Peterson, 2006).
When positive psychology research and techniques are applied to the field of education, it is called positive education. Compton and Hoffman described some ways positive psychology can be incorporated into education, like encouraging caring and cooperative relationships, fostering
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Three important factors in positive education are relationships, optimism and resiliency. Compton and Hoffman described positive schools as being “caring communities that are built around cooperative relationships” (2013, p. 269). Research has shown that our brains are designed for social relationships (Wilson & Conyers, 2011a), and people learn language and thinking skills best in the context of a positive relationship (Willingham, 2009). In Thinking for Results, Wilson and Conyers stated that, “More than any other element of education, the teacher makes the largest difference in the amount of student learning” (2011b, p. 11). By encouraging positive relationships between teachers and students as well as students with other students, the classroom environment will not only be more enjoyable but will also help students to learn
Nelsen, J., Lott, L., & Glenn, S. (2000). Positive discipline in the classroom developing mutual respect, cooperation, and responsibility in your classrooms, 3rd ed. (p. 120). Roseville, Califonia: Prima Publishing.
As a result of stakeholder loyalty, positive relations amongst students, parents, staff and community members is frequently developed. Positive relationships allows teachers and parents to ask more from their students. A student is more willing to work for a teacher when there is a positive relationship. Parents will be able to encourage children to complete school work when their child has a positive connection with the school. This positive relationship results in a desire for staff and teachers to want to help students. Teachers and staff are less likely to help students that choose not to complete tasks assigned to them or students that have a negative attitude toward them.
Carol Gerber Allred (Allred, 2008) describes strategies for improving classroom climate related to learning for the students, while enforcing a set of classroom expectations, informing students of their positive actions, infusing intrinsic motivation, encouraging positive behavior, connecting with students’ families and community, and being positive yourself (Allred, 2008). These strategies align with the attributes described in indicator 1a to foster respect for diversity, establish rapport, promote risk-taking and establish high
Sometimes a character may be pushed over the edge by our materialistic society to discover his/her true roots, which can only be found by going back to nature where monetary status was not important. Chris McCandless leaves all his possessions and begins a trek across the Western United States, which eventually brings him to the place of his demise-Alaska. Jon Krakauer makes you feel like you are with Chris on his journey and uses exerts from various authors such as Thoreau, London, and Tolstoy, as well as flashbacks and narrative pace and even is able to parallel the adventures of Chris to his own life as a young man in his novel Into the Wild. Krakauer educates himself of McCandless’ story by talking to the people that knew Chris the best. These people were not only his family but the people he met on the roads of his travels- they are the ones who became his road family.
In April of 1992 a young man named Chris McCandless, from a prosperous and loving family, hitchhiked across the country to Alaska. He gave $25,000 of his savings to charity, left his car and nearly all of his possessions. He burned all the cash he had in his wallet, and created a new life. Four months later, his body was found in an abandoned bus. Jon Krakauer constructed a journalistic account of McCandless’s story. Bordering on obsession, Krakauer looks for the clues to the mystery that is Chris McCandless. What he finds is the intense pull of the wilderness on our imagination, the appeal of high-risk activities to young men. When McCandless's mistakes turn out to be fatal he is dismissed for his naiveté. He was said by some to have a death wish, but wanting to die and wanting to see what one is capable of are too very different things. I began to ask myself if Chris really wasn’t as crazy as some people thought. Then I realized it was quite possible that the reason people thought he was crazy was because he had died trying to fulfill his dream. If he had walked away from his adventure like Krakauer, people would have praised him rather than ridicule. So I asked the question, “How does Krakauer’s life parallel Chris McCandlesses?”
Wong, P. T. (2011). Positive psychology 2.0: Towards a balanced interactive model of the good life. What to do about the negative?, 52(2), 69-70.
As college professors, do you ever consider exploring the world? Christopher McCandless once stated, “The core of man's spirit comes from new experiences.” This quote resonates throughout the movie adaptation, Into the Wild. Based on a true story in the 1990’s, the film explores a man’s existence and the meaning of life. Although released in 2007, I discovered the movie three years ago through the internet. Instantly, it became my favorite movie. Into the Wild describes an eye-opening adventure, an influential message, and a story that I, and possibly others, can relate to.
In the United States 20% of the adult population report that they are living a flourishing life (Keyes, 2002). However, a high percentage reports feeling as if they are ‘‘stuck’’ or ‘‘want more’’ and are yet not diagnosable with a mental disorder (Fredrickson, 2008). Because happiness has been found to be the source of many desirable life outcomes e.g. career success, marriage, and health, it is of importance to understand, how languishing individuals can reach this ideal state: How can well-being be enhanced and misery reduced (Lyubomirsky, King, & Diener, 2005). Over the past decade, research in the field of positive psychology has emerged to provide evidence-based methods to increase an individual’s psychological well-being, through so called positive psychology interventions (PPI’s). PPI’s are treatment methods or intentional activities used to promote positive feelings or behaviour. PPI’s vary from writing gratitude letters, practicing optimistic thinking and replaying positive experiences. A meta-analysis of 51 independent PPI studies demonstrated significant results in the effectiveness of PPI’s increasing well-being (49 studies; r = .29) (Sin & Lyubomirsky, 2009).
With social and emotional skills, a high-quality learning environment that has high-quality classroom structure and rules, commitment to the academic success of all students and high performance expectations, student learning is optimized. Attitudes towards learning, behaviour in and out of the classroom and academic performance have shown improvement with development from quality social and emotional learning that is supported through parent involvement and integrated throughout the entire curriculum.
The social contexts created within a classroom influence not only academic motivation and achievement, but also the individual development and well-being of students. There are many situations throughout a school day where students must interact with each other, and are shaped by the attitudes and behaviors of others. Research has found that students’ perceptions of positive relationships with their teachers were correlated with their pursuit of pro-social classroom goals such as getting along with others and being socially responsible, and were more strongly linked to student motivation in school (Urdan & Schoenfelder, 2006). Students care about their relationships with their teachers and respond with greater engagement and effort when they believe that their teachers care about them and are supportive. Scaffolding is a great instructional strategy to engage students in the
The job of a teacher is never easy but we have seen how cooperative discipline and enabling students to feel capable, connected and contributing can improve classroom management and maybe even our own moods. If we create an environment of mutual respect and give our students legitimate power of voice and choice in the classroom we will see positive results in improved student behavior and student achievement. Because when our students believe that they can succeed, they will.
Promoting positive psychology, positive leadership, and master resilience training, SGMs can create healthy work environments, positive culture in organizations, and foster camaraderie that will enhance organizational readiness. Positive Psychology as define by the Positive Psychology Center at the University of Pennsylvania, “Positive Psychology is the scientific study of the strengths and virtues that enable individuals and communities to thrive. Personal Character Strengths are “The Backbone of Positive Psychology”. Finally, SGMs through empowering Master Resilience Trainers and Resilience Training Assistants can spread positive psychology by training, practicing, and refining personnel psychological strengths.
It is interesting to note that the field of positive psychology, described by Seligman and Csikszentmihalyi (2000) as “a science of positive subjective experience, positive individual traits and positive institutions” (p. 5), has flourished over the last 15 years. This has been a time of relative peace and prosperity, conditions most would associate with contentment and joy, but also a time, as argued by Ryan and Deci (2001, p. 142), during which the more affluent among us may have discovered that financial security and material possessions alone do not necessarily equate to happiness. As Seligman and Csikszentmihalyi (2000, p. 6) explain, prior to World War II, making the lives of all people more productive was one of three aims of the field of psychology, the other two being to cure mental illness and detect and foster extraordinary ability. Following the war however, the economic benefit to psychologists of treating mental illness narrowed the focus of psychology firmly on repair rather than prevention. Psychologists came to see people as passive beings being acted upon by external stressors and it is this view that positive psychology aims to change. Sheldon and King (2001, p. 216) maintain that the field of positive psychology encourages psychologists to embrace a more unrestricted and valued perspective of human potential, hopes and strengths; a view also espoused by Seligman and Csikszentmihalyi (2000, p. 8) who suggest that the major psychological theories (psychoanalytical, behavioural and humanistic) have now been transformed by the bolstering of a new science of “strength and resilience” (p. 8). Much research therefore is currently focusse...
For instance, the social powers model plays a significant role in building effective relationships that can promote the success of students and teachers. However, I agree that there needs to be a balance of each social power in order to have a positive effect on students; this is especially true for coercion and manipulation in the classroom. “These two social powers should be combined with a classroom management style that helps students see teachers as problem solvers (expertness) and as having personal characteristics that make the student want to perform well (likability)” (Alderman & Green, 2011, p. 43). As the text suggests, positive interaction among teachers and students is one of the most crucial elements of classroom management because it helps students become more engaged in the learning process, reduces misbehavior and promotes compliance. Thus, it’s critical to utilize the social powers model to build teacher-student communication and enhance relationships with students, for instance, making them feel secure and needed, learning their strengths and weaknesses, and figuring out what motivates them to want to
Teachers have the unique opportunity to support students’ academic and social development at all levels of schooling (Baker et al., 2008; Bronfenbrenner, 1979; Bronfenbrenner & Morris, 1998; McCormick, Cappella, O’Connor, & McClowry, in press). According to the attachment theory (Ainsworth, 1982; Bowlby, 1969), positive relationships enable learners to feel safe and secure in their learning environments which helps providing scaffolding for social and academic skills. Learners who have positive teacher-student relationships may have the feeling of closeness, warmth and positivity which will increase their learning ability (Hamre & Pianta 2001). Students will use this relationship as a secure base for them to explore the classroom both academically and socially. Positive relationship with an adult may protect against the negative outcomes associated with children who stay in poverty (Gallagher 2014). According to Murray and Malmgren (2005), low-income students who have strong teacher-student relationships have higher academic achievement than peers who do not have a positive relationship with a teacher. Therefore, if a learner is born in a rural area, he/she may still able to have great learning capacity if he/she has a positive relationships with everyone in the