Chapter Four gives a developmental perspective of addiction. There are multiple developmental theories that are used to understand the stages of life and how addiction is perceived in each stage. To begin, three developmental perspectives are discussed. Piaget’s developmental theory focused on cognition due to his biology training. This theory involved four stages: sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational and formal operational. Ford and Lerner’s contribution to developmental theory was a systemic element. It focused on individual identities being influenced by interactions with other people. Freud’s psychoanalytic theory suggested that individual personalities were developed in stages. Freud’s five psychoanalytic stages are oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital. The rest of the chapter focuses on Erikson’s theory of the Stages of Psychosocial Development. This theory has eight stages that cover the entire lifespan. It also includes both social and biological components. In each stage there is an age appropriate task or goal that needs to be overcome. Although stages 1-3 are not covered in the chapter, Dr. Shumway explained them in class. Stage one is Trust vs. Mistrust. Stage two is Autonomy vs. Doubt and Shame. Stage three is Initiative vs. Guilt. Stage four is Industry vs. Inferiority. This stage ranges from age six to twelve. The task is to develop a sense of competence and mastery of new skills, which is often developed when children begin school. If children are successful, they develop a sense of industry. However, if they are not up to par, a sense of inferiority develops. This stage is when risk factors of substance abuse become evident. Stage five is Identity vs. Role Confusion. This stage involves adoles... ... middle of paper ... ... be helpful. If all eight of Erikson’s stages were condensed into a table the reader would be able to more easily understand the stages and how they connect to one another. The way it is now the information is spread out through an entire chapter and may be difficult for the reader to grasp the concept of how the stages are linked together. A table with each stage, what age it occurs, what the task is, how the task is fulfilled, and how it relates to addiction would greatly improve author’s general ability to convey the information in a way that makes sense to the reader. Overall, most of the statistics and information used by the author were undoubtedly beneficial to understanding the chapter. They often contributed to the message that the author was attempting to convey. However, on occasion, the statistics and information was irrelevant or lacking purpose.
Erikson developed the eight psychosocial stages of which the first 3 stages: Trust vs. Mistrust, Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt, Initiative vs. Guilt affects a child’s development. A child’s relationship with his caregiver is very important because if a child doesn’t have a good relationship, and is constantly shamed for doing things and not succeeding can affect the child overall. For example, a child in his preschool age (3-5) who is trying to help his mother clean, but is too slow a mother could stop him and prevent him from and this will cause a child to be fearful of doing things because he was never permitted to do something on his
If we can use an integrated approach to the study of addiction we should develop a more exact image of the difficulties that are created by addiction and what is required to be addressed in a particular treatment program. The biopsychosocial approach to the comprehension of addiction can also be used to good effect when looking at many different issues. For example, an examination of; early school leaving or the development of a healthy eating lifestyle can also be examined through the multidimensional views of the biopsychosocial approach.
The language the author uses is clear and concise with a level of complexity. The complexity comes from the words the author uses, and from the research he has consulted.
Erikson’s theory of human development helped provide ideas and information on the development of these eight stages affects the confidence levels of other individuals. These ideas can help parents to teach their children. His theory can help future psychologist research how events in certain ages can influence the way people look at life.
Lash, S. J., Timko, C, Curran, G M., McKay, J R., Burden, J L.; (Jun, 2011). Psychology of Addictive Behaviors; Vol 25(2); 238-251. Doi: 10.1037/a0022608
Eric Erikson was one of the most famous theorists of the twentieth century; he created many theories. One of the most talked about theories is his theory of psychosocial development. This is a theory that describes stages in which an individual should pass as they are going through life. His theory includes nine stages all together. The original theory only included eight stages but Erikson‘s wife found a ninth stage and published it after his death. The nine stages include: trust vs. mistrust, autonomy vs. shame and doubt, initiative vs. guilt, industry vs. inferiority, identity vs. identity confusion, intimacy vs. isolation, generativity vs. stagnation, integrity vs. despair, and hope and faith vs. despair (Crandell and Crandell, p.35-36)).
Erik Erikson developed eight psychosocial stages that occur through life. These stages help parents of younger children understand what the child is thinking and why they are acting the way that they do. For a person to become a well-rounded adult they need to succeed in each level. This essay will discuss the first six stages into young adulthood.
The fact that addiction is a brain disorder is a new detail that I learnt from the HBO video. As pointed out by Dr. Volkow, addiction as a brain disease renders the addicts unable to control themselves in relation to curbing their addiction problem. In conceptualizing addiction as a brain disease, Volkow illustrates this standpoint with the fact that the brain has a “natural reward system” that facilitates the learning of “behaviors that are necessary for survival” (NIDA 2006). Learning that the abused drugs take over this system – the dopamine system of the brain - was pivotal in finally grasping the rationale behind referring to addiction as a brain disorder. The brain with time becomes dependent on the abused drugs. This arises from the fact that natural rewards no longer have the capability to produce “normal levels of dopamine or pleasure” (NIDA 2006). As time goes on, the continued intake of drugs subsequently makes the addict lose all control over their use and dependen...
Erik Erikson formulated a model to understand the developmental tasks involved in the social and emotional development of children and teenagers which continues into adulthood. Each stage is regarded by Erikson as a “psychosocial crisis,” which arises and demands resolution before the next stage can be satisfactorily negotiated. Failure to successfully complete a stage can result in a
Erikson believed that people develop in psychosocial stages. He emphasized developmental change throughout the human life span. In Erikson's theory, eight stages of development result as we go through the life span. Each stage consists of a crisis that must be faced. According to Erikson, this crisis is not a catastrophe but a turning point. The more an individual resolves the crises successfully, the healthier development will be.
The conversation concerning development continues with addiction in adolescence. Childhood is characterized as an individual between 4 to 11 years of age. The developmental period that is defined in this essay as adolescence is between the ages of 12 to 18. This age bracket is associated with major developmental milestones including cognitive and physical advances. ((Broderick, P. C., & Blewitt, P. 2015) Physical changes that this age group experiences include body shape, mood swings, and social issues. This is also a period of their development where social identity is forming as the child begins to break away from the parental control and explore their world and construct their own belief system. Often children begin to change social
He implemented eight psychosocial stages which includes trust versus mistrust. One example of the specified inclusions are infants. In order to come to a resolution for these feelings of insecurity, infants look towards their care givers for care and stability to fulfill their desired needs. With autonomy versus shame stage, children begin to assert their independence, utilizing their skills otherwise they will end up doubting their abilities. Initiative versus guilt is another stage where pre-scholars develop initiative by devising and carrying out bold plans. These people plan activities, developing a sense of initiative with others therefore feeling secure in their ability to lead and make decisions. The identity versus role confusion stage is noted as Erikson’s most popular. He characterized adolescence as a crucial and critical time of identity development. To achieve a sense of identity some adolescents attempt to define and explore who they are regarding their career choice, religion, political views, sexual orientation etc., figuring out a way to fit into society. According to Erikson, “the adolescent mind is essentially a mind or moratorium, a psychosocial stage between the morality learned by the child, and the ethics to be developed by the adult” (Erikson, 1963, p.245. As they go through the different sexual and
Erik Erikson’s theories of development are among some of the best-known theories regarding aging and developing. Erikson divided the stages of life into eight categories: trust vs. mistrust, autonomy vs. shame, initiative vs. guilt, industry vs. inferiority, identity vs. confusion, intimacy vs. isolation, generativity vs. stagnation, and integrity vs. despair. Each stage offers its unique age frame and focus.
When comparing the work of Sigmund Freud and Jean Piaget two things come to mind, they both had a lasting and profound impact on the field of psychology and both received a great amount of criticism regarding their theories. Freud is considered the founder of psychoanalysis, which is based on childhood development and psychosexual stages. Piaget was the top developmentalist of the 1960s and 1970s. His theory of cognitive development was as well studied as Freud's theory of psychosexual development was a generation before. While they both had many criticisms of their work, both Freud and Piaget influenced their respective fields of psychology so much that today their thoughts and concepts are still studied and referenced everyday. Freud’s theories have revolutionized how we think. The impact Piaget has had on developmental psychology has guided social norms of human development and education. This essay will compare and contrast the theories of Freud and Piaget.
Thesis: Addiction is a disease characterized by an overwhelming chemical need for a stimuli. These stimuli's can range from anything between sex, food and chemical dependency. Today the particular group that we will be exploring is substance addiction. Dana here will be covering the causes of drug addiction, Chris will be covering the treatment of drug addiction, Tasche will be covering the family impact, and Lyssette will be covering the consequences of substance addiction. But first, I myself will cover the different types of addictive substances.