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Impact of industrialization era
Industrial revolution in england effects on society
Changes in Britain 1750 to 1900
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Britain in the nineteenth century was experiencing a growth, a movement, and a change. Along with change came prosperity, wealth, and support. However, along with the good came the negative. The negative was the people who were traditional. They did not want change because they liked their world the way it was. One of these people was Thomas Carlyle. He was tremendously pessimistic towards the change of the nineteenth century and he wrote an essay titled The "Mechanical Age" explaining why. His former friend, a supporter of change, John Stuart Mill also wrote a paper. Mill's paper was aptly called The Spirit of the Age, as he was exceptionally welcome to the idea of a revolution. These once former friends have incredibly different and strong points of view; they give their opinions of what the world should be like.
In the nineteenth century the industrial revolution in Britain was at its peak. Machines were rapidly being used in factories and being used throughout the country. Carlyle opposed of this process and believed it to be destruction of moral character. His attitude throughout the excerpt was that machines, although helpful, are destroying nature and all things truly important, the human soul. He believes that not only do machines destroy the physical being of humans, they destroy the "internal and spiritual also."
At that time, trains were just invented and were rapidly becoming popular. These trains could transport goods and products much quicker and more efficiently. Steam engines were being used to navigate the seas. Carlyle himself stated that "The sailor furls his sail, and lays down his oar; and bids a strong, unwearied servant, on vaporous wings, bear him through the waters. This detailed imagery of a steam engine did just that. It transformed sea travel from a long and rigorous task into a much more efficient and simpler one. However, Carlyle believed it was wrong. Why? Because Carlyle thought that mankind was falling into the power of the machines. He truly believed that machines would corrupt society and that society is making a mistake by relying so heavily on the usage of mechanical inventions.
While Carlyle mainly focused on the emphasis of machines and the destruction of society due to them, Mill was much more optimistic about a new start.
Many of Ure’s statements are geared towards the eventual replacement of humans in the factory setting in order to increase profit. He utilizes the flaws in humans along with the proliferating capabilities of machines to influence his readers to believe that ultimately humans will do more harm than good. This is shown as he states that “in the factory … [machines] leaves the attendant nearly nothing at all to do,” whereas humans have to complete every task through muscular exertion, which ultimately causes “innumerable [amounts of] short pauses,” earning men lower wages. Furthermore, Ure states that “the constant aim and tendency of every improvement in machinery [is] to supersede human labor altogether.” As a person looking to reform the industrial sector of Britain and to improve the quality of life of hardworking people, he is oblivious to the fact that this would ultimately outsource their jobs, which would in fact make their lives
Emma Griffith is the author of the influential book, Liberty’s Dawn which talks about the people’s people’s personal experience during the time of industrial revolution.The Industrial Revolution was the period encompassing the vast social and economic changes that resulted from the development of steam-powered machinery and mass-production methods. The lives of large section
The system of crime and law enforcement had hardly changed in Britain since the medieval times. Justices of the Peace or JPs were appointed by the Crown since 1361. Before the night watchmen and parish constables were introduced a primitive police force was introduced and the JPs were assisted by constables who only worked part time and were very unreliable as the pay was really bad. The early stages of the force consisted of a night watchmen and parish constables, who were prior to the creation of the main police force. Watchmen were groups of men, usually authorised by a state, government, or society, to deter criminal activity and provide law enforcement. Constables were required to apprehend anyone accused of a felony and bring criminals to a justice of the peace. They also had a general responsibility to keep the peace. There was no expectation that they would investigate and prosecute crimes because of limited responsibility and training. Night watchmen patrolled the streets between 9 or 10pm until sunrise and were expected to examine all suspicious characters. In the City of London, the City Marshall and the Beadles (Parish wardens) conducted daytime patrols. Similar to the night watchmen, primary responsibilities were to patrol and deter, drunkenness, beggars, vagrants and prostitutes and to act as a deterrent against more serious offences. Over the course of this period, the arrangements by which men served as constables and watchmen changed significantly, to incorporate how felons were detected and apprehended.
He is was total opposite of Metternich. Mill’s “On liberty” essay was about the individual liberty. To Mill’s, the only important thing is the happiness of the individual, and such happiness may only be accomplished in an enlightened society, in which people are free to partake in their own interests. Thus, Mills stresses the important value of individuality, of personal development, both for the individual and society for future progress. For Mill, an educated person is the one who acts on what he or she understands and who does everything in his or her power to understand. Mill held this model out to all people, not just the specially gifted, and advocates individual initiative over social control. He emphasizes that things done by individuals are done better than those done by governments. Also, individual action advances the mental education of that individual, something that government action cannot ever do, and for government action always poses a threat to liberty and must be carefully
A Fierce Discontent by Michael McGerr delves into the revolution of values from the victorian era to the progressive within the late nineteen century to the early twentieth century. McGerr’s major argument is the contrast between this set of values. The gilded age which McGerr focuses is the period where progressive values begin to take form and societal change ensues. The victorian values are values which epitomizes the British culture as just the name of the era is derived from queen Victoria. Alternatively the progressive era was a political reform focusing on anti corruption, women suffrage, and fixing the social problems plaguing society. McGerr argues that the victorian era and progressive era strikes few similarities within the
One of the more severe charges against Mill's conception of liberty involves socio-cultural background of the author's politics. Mill advocates paternalism on moral grounds in several instances that suggest an intellectual bias and a level of intellectual superiority, embedded in the nineteenth century culture and the Western world. Under Mill's paradigm, freedom is limited to those who are capable of rationality, allowing despotism as a sufficient alternative to 'educating' in all other instances (Goldberg, 2000). Thus, one's incompetence allows for a coercive force and social control (Conly, 2013).
Utilitarianism defined, is the contention that a man should judge everything based on the ability to promote the greatest individual happiness. In other words Utilitarianism states that good is what brings the most happiness to the most people. John Stuart Mill based his utilitarian principle on the decisions that we make. He says the decisions should always benefit the most people as much as possible no matter what the consequences might be. Mill says that we should weigh the outcomes and make our decisions based on the outcome that benefits the majority of the people. This leads to him stating that pleasure is the only desirable consequence of our decision or actions. Mill believes that human beings are endowed with the ability for conscious thought, and they are not satisfied with physical pleasures, but they strive to achieve pleasure of the mind as well.
O'Brien, Patrick, and Roland Quinault, eds. The Industrial Revolution and British Society. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1993. Print.
In the 1700’s, England went through a drastic change which altered the economy, the land, and the way people have been living which we now call the Industrial Revolution. Great
Industrial Revolution, which took place over much of the nineteenth century, had many advantages. It provided people with tools for a better life; people were no longer dependent on the land for all of their goods. The Industrial Revolution made it possible for people to control nature more than they ever had before. However, now people were dependent on the new machines of the Industrial Age (1). The Revolution brought with it radical changes in the textile and engine worlds; it was a time of reason and innovations. Although it was a time of progress, there were drawbacks to the headway made in the Industrial Revolution. Granted, it provided solutions to the problems of a world without industry. However, it also created problems with its mechanized inventions that provided new ways of killing. Ironically, there was much public faith in these innovations; however, these were the same inventions that killed so many and contributed to a massive loss of faith. These new inventions made their debut in the first world war (2) ).
Economics as a Dismal Science in Occasional Discourse of the Negro Question by Thomas Carlyle
Concerning the utilitarian philosophy, the term refers to the idea what is considered to be the greatest good for the overall population, what decision will produce the greatest good for all. In this essay, the ideas of John Stuart Mill is addressing the topic Utilitarianism, and will be presented throughout the essay. Mr. Mill goes on to argue that not only is utilitarianism seen wrongly because of the simplicity to misunderstand it 's meaning, but that human beings fail to grasp the whole of the theory. The author argues for the greatest happiness principle, Epicureans and their use of the theory, the quality and quantity of the principle, and lastly the religiousness of Utilitarianism. Though after this summary, I will make a few evaluations
The Industrial Revolution was a technological transformation because during this time inventions began spreading like wild fire. The first invention came in the cotton industry. Cotton was a key part of Englands economy and the demand for it was very high, but the production was very low. A solution to this problem was found when Eli Whitney invented the cotton gin. This new invention showed the efficiency of machinery as one person could now produce six-hundred pounds of cotton per day. " The cotton industry presented the most dramatic example of rapid transition from a traditional, loosely organized, dependent on hand tool technology, to a centrally managed and centrally located factory system using large scale machinery, powered by inanimate sources of energy." ( Deane, pg. 17) Another key invention was the steam engine. The dissenters played a huge role in making this invention possible. They found burning coal was much more useful than trees. Steam engines provided better transportation, but more important it brought the factories out off the hillside. The factories and water mills that once needed the hills of the mountains now could go into the cities and prosper greatly.
John S. Mill’s provides great support to the theory of utilitarianism as he defines factors for reaching the “ultimate ends” and how they provide clarity to the misconception of utilitarianism. One of those factors is happiness. The underlying idea that Mill’s states, is that “the general happiness, therefore, a good to the aggregate of all persons” meaning, although it is elusive, is a good measure for the means of the ultimate ends in the sense “happiness is desirable” and I believe all humans desire to ultimately be happy, no matter their past or present experiences. All universally understand happiness, I have not met anyone willing to live in misery or sadness by choice. It seems more that that was the hand dealt to each
In Considerations on Representative Government, Mill denounces the idea that a despotic monarchy headed by a good despot is the best form of government. Mill goes on to share the reason behind this idea. The reason lies in the supposition that a distinguished individual with absolute power will ensure that all the duties of government is performed intelligently and virtuously. Mill does not disagree with this belief but he finds the need to address it. He states that an “all-seeing” monarch rather than a “good monarch” is needed. The despot would need to be informed correctly and in detail at all time, and be able to oversee every division of administration with effective attention and care in the twenty-four hours per day he has. If not, the