Chagas Disease, Adult
Chagas disease is an infection caused by the protozoan parasite Trypanosoma cruzi. Another name for this infection is American trypanosomiasis.
Chagas disease has two phases. In the initial (acute) phase of infection, you may or may not have symptoms. If the acute phase is not treated, the symptoms may go away, but the infection will not. If the infection has not gone away, it becomes a chronic infection. A chronic infection takes years to develop. Chagas disease can be dangerous because it can cause heart and brain infections.
Chagas disease is rare in the United States. Most infections occur in areas where the insects are common, including Mexico, Central America, and South America, especially in areas where homes may be constructed of dirt, mud, clay
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• Abdominal pain.
• Constipation.
DIAGNOSIS
Your health care provider may suspect Chagas disease based on your symptoms, especially if you lives in or have recently traveled to an area where the disease is common. Your health care provider will also do a physical exam. This may include blood tests to confirm the diagnosis.
TREATMENT
Chagas disease is treated with oral antiparasitic medicines. These medicines work best against the infection in the acute phase. They work less well the longer you are infected. These medicines can also cause side effects such as nausea, vomiting, rash, and headaches.
HOME CARE INSTRUCTIONS
• Take your antiparasitic medicine exactly as told by your health care provider. Do not stop taking the medicine even if you start to feel better.
• Take over-the-counter and prescription medicines only as told by your health care provider.
• Drink enough fluid to keep your urine clear or pale yellow.
• Return to your normal activities as told by your health care provider. Ask your health care provider what activities are safe.
• Keep all follow-up visits as told by your health care provider. This is
Treatment: Chemotherapy is on treatment method. Most infected people benefit from the treatments. To of the best drugs for treatment are Praziquantel and Oxamniquine. The side effects are mild and transient, some of then are as followed:
Chronic Wasting Disease is a highly transmissible, deadly neurodegenerative disease that affects cervids in North America (Belay et al., 2004; Saunders et al., 2012). There are only four types of cervid that are known to get this disease which include elk, mule deer, white-tailed deer, and moose (Chronic Wasting Disease Alliance). It has been classified has a transmissible spongiform encephalopathy (TSE), otherwise known as a prion disease (Belay et al., 2004). A prion is an irregular, pathogenic agent that causes abnormal folding of specific proteins called prion proteins. These proteins are mostly located in the brain (Chronic Wasting Disease Alliance). The abnormal folding of this protein causes neurodegenerative diseases in a variety of species including humans, sheep, cattle, and deer (Abrams et al., 2011).
This parasite is spread through the bite of sandflies. There are three different types of infections and they each show varying degrees of severity. The cutaneous form produces mild skin ulcers, mucocutaneous produces ulcers in the mouth and nose, and the visceral form of the disease starts with skin ulcers and then fever, low red blood cell count, and an enlarged spleen and liver. The parasite is detected by a microscope and visceral can also be found by doing blood tests. 12 million people are in infected in 98 different countries and 2 million new cases are found every year. The disease also kills around 20 to 50 thousand people a year.
Return to your normal activities as told by your health care provider. Ask your health care provider what activities are safe for you.
Lyme Disease is the most commonly reported vector borne illness in the United States. In a fifteen year span the annual count of lyme disease increased by 101%, in which 93% of all reported cases came from 10 states in the northeast and Midwest (Bacon, Kugeler & Mean). Lyme disease is caused by the bacterium Borrelia burgdorferi and is transmitted to humans through bitten by infected ticks (CDC data 2013). In the early 1900’s doctors in Europe discovered a disease pattern that created redness and rashes that were associated with tick bites. In the 1970s children in the United States specifically in the region of Lyme, Connecticut were developing these rashes and other symptoms associated with the bacteria found in Europe. The condition was called Lyme disease and the Borrelia burgdorferi that was associated with the new disease was found in the intestines of the vector, the adult deer tick. After the naming of the condition the number of cases increased tremendously. (Bratton, Whiteside, Hovan, Engle & Edwards 2008).
Cyclothymic disorder, also known as cyclothymia, is a relatively mild form of bipolar II disorder characterized by mood swings that may appear to be almost within the normal range of emotions. These mood swings range from mild depression, or dysthymia, to mania of low intensity, or hypomania. It is possible for cyclothymia to go undiagnosed, and for individuals with the disorder to be unaware that they have a treatable disease. Individuals with cyclothymia may experience episodes of low-level depression, known as dysthymia; periods of intense energy, creativity, and/or irritability, known as hypomania; or they may alternate between both mood states. Like other bipolar disorders, cyclothymia is a chronic illness characterized by mood swings that can occur as often as every day and last for several days, weeks, months, or as long as two years. Individuals with this disorder are never free of symptoms of either hypomania or mild depression for more than two months at a time (Encyclopedia of Mental Disorders).
When the bacteria is identified proper treatment begins.Some treatments include aggressive IV antimicrobial therapy, fluid replacement, intravenous immunoglobulin to help the body fight the infection. Possible amputation may be necessary to prevent further spread of the
...nsmitted in the form of a cyst to other hosts and initiate an infection. Usually the infected host remains asymptomatic as the parasite does not cause a lethal infection or else the number of possible hosts will decrease rapidly. There are anti-parasitic drugs available to treat Giardiasis. Nitroimidazoles, being the most effective, are the drugs most commonly used. For example, metronidazole, acts by binding and mutating DNA which kills the parasite. In addition, there are measures which can be taken to prevent possible ingestion of cysts which can lead to an infection. For example, hand washing before and after dealing with food and direct contact with other people. Drinking potentially contaminated water should be avoided before it is treated and safe to drink. This is important as Giardia lamblia cysts are able to survive for months in the outside environment.
• Make dietary changes as directed by your health care provider. You may need to avoid spicy foods and foods that contain a high amount of potassium.
Treatment varies depending on how severe your symptoms are. Your health care provider may recommend:
Onchocerciasis, is transmitted by several bites of an infected Simulium female black fly (CDC, 2013). As a result, from its bite microfilariae contribute to the pathogenesis of O. volvulus through immune response of human host(Sace, 2007). It is equally important, to mention the endosymbiotic bacteria Wolbachia gene. It is found primarily in female microfilariae, has been identified as being the reason for inflammation within the immune system as well as, mast cell development(Andre, Blackwell, Hoerauf, et al, 2002). The transmission of the infection starts in 3 main stages, the first stage is when a person already infected with Onchocerciasis is bitten by a black fly. The microfilariae (MF) then develop inside the fly
I. General Description Trypanosoma cruzi, a protozoan parasite, causes Chagas disease, a zoonotic disease that can be transmitted to humans by blood-sucking triatomine bugs (also known as the kissing bug because it bites on the face). Chagas disease is named after the Brazilian physician Carlos Chagas, who discovered the disease in 1909. Chagas disease is endemic throughout much of Mexico, Central America, and South America where an estimated 18 million people are infected. It has been introduced into the United States by population migration.
The main thing in common with these three diseases is also the main difference right off the back besides their names. For schistosomiasis, its vector is the fresh water snails (Bulinus, Oncomelania, Biomphalaris), for Chagas the vector is the triatomine bug or kissing bug and lastly Japanese Encephalitis vector is the Culex tritaeniorhynchus mosquito. When it comes to schistosomiasis the way the disease is transmitted is by the free-swimming parasite entering your body through broken skin or urethra or rectum. So, unlike Chagas or Japanese Encephalitis the
Human African Trypanosomiasis, commonly known as sleeping sickness is a highly prevalent parasitic disease in sub-Saharan Africa. The organism responsible for this infectious disease is the Trypanosoma brucei, which claims hold to humans and other animals, as its primary hosts. Since Trypanosoma brucei are parasitic, their environment is their host. The most common carrier is the African native tsetse fly, which is abundant in western and central regions of the continent (Kagbadouno et al. 2012). Cases of sleeping sickness have also been found scattered throughout the eastern and southern portions of Africa, but it is less common in these areas.
they have this infection because there wouldn’t be any signs. But if someone does have