Introduction
Caves are natural, underground cavities formed by chemical dissolution of the bedrock or other geological processes. Based on the geological process responsible for their formation, caves can be divided into karstic and pseudokarstic (sensu Klimchouk 2004). Karstic caves derived from dissolution of the bedrock, whereas pseudokarstic are formed by other processes such as erosion by water and tectonic forces (sensu Klimchouk 2004). Although caves can be formed through different geological processes in different types of parent rock, the majority of natural caves worldwide are formed by dissolution of the bedrock (Klimchouk 2004); caves derived from this process are also known as solutional or karstic caves.
The term ‘karst’ refers
…show more content…
Moore (1952) introduced the term ‘speleothem’ in order to describe the different types of secondary mineral deposits (i.e. decoration). Taking a step forward, Hill and Forti (1985) divided speleothems into four categories: dripstone (e.g. stalactites, stalagmites, ‘curtains’), flowstone (e.g. stone waterfalls), pore deposits (e.g. helictites) and pool deposits (e.g. ‘cave pearls’). Overall, all types of speleothems are formed by water saturated with dissolved calcite (CaCO3). As it is already mentioned, rainwater passes through the soil, absorbs carbon dioxide, and becomes slightly acidic. Through this process, acidic water also becomes saturated with calcite and, as this solution enters the cave, carbon dioxide is released; therefore, a supersaturated solution is created. As a result, calcite is deposited, leading thus, to the formation and development of speleothems (Dreybrodt 2012). However, the growth of speleothems is influenced not only by abiogenic processes; the contribution of microbes to the development of speleothems is nowadays confirmed by several researchers (e.g. Northup and Lavoie 2001, Barton and Jurado 2007, Cuezva et al. 2009, Bindschedler et al. 2014, Shtober-Zisu et al. 2014). As an example, a combination of both biogenic (i.e. caused by microbial activity) and abiogenic processes contributes to the formation of moonmilk, a soft and spongy type of speleothem commonly found in several caves …show more content…
The ‘entrance’ zone is climatically variable and is affected by the environmental conditions prevailing in the immediate outside environment of the cave whereas the ‘dim light’ zone (innermost part of the cave) is characterized by dim or no light; also, temperature is relatively stable through the year and relative humidity levels reaches the maximum values recorded in the cave. Another zone located between the entrance and the dim light zone (i.e. ‘transition’ zone) exhibits characteristics of either the entrance or the dim light zone (Christodoulou et al. 2015). Photosynthetic microorganisms are able to use light at various wavelengths between 400 -700 nm for primary production; it can be thus concluded that the progressive reduction of natural light controls the growth of photosynthetic microflora (Pantazidou 1996, Ascencio and Aboal 2000, Beltran and Ascencio 2009, Lamprinou et al. 2009, Roldan and Hernandez-Marine 2009, Christodoulou et al. 2011, Albertano
The paper talked about the new mud glyph cave art site the was discovered in northern Alabama. It is believe that the artifacts and the images that is located in the cave linked back to the Early and Middle Woodland periods. The cave was named “19th Unnamed Cave” by a naming system that was used be University of Tennessee. Other main points in this paper include the 19th Unnamed Cave, the mud glyph art that it contains, and how the mud glyph contributes to the understanding of mud glyph assemblage preservation, and it helps illuminates the chronological placement of the art form. The cave is located in northern Alabama with a cave mouth of 25 m in diameter and with more than 5 km of underground passageways. The article hypothesized that since the entrance of the cave had some fluvial action, there would no archaeological material that would have been preserved.
The entire tour requires a lot of walking, so wearing tennis shoes is recommended. Dress prepared for a cool environment because while inside the cave you will experience temperatures from 50-60 degrees. As you walk along the tour of the Bristol Caverns, a tour guide will inform you about the history of the cave: such as the original entrance place to the caverns used by the Cherokee Indians and how an early pioneer would store his fruit in the cave for extended freshness (tour guide). While the guide leads you through the cave of the caverns, you can view many formations and scenes. The formations are called stalagmites and stalagtites, which are created by the moisture and minerals in the cave hardening. One inch of these formations lengths can take from 150-300 years to form (tour guide). During the tour you will venture through different levels of the cave.
There was a period of time, before the appearance of Europeans on the continent, that the Nephilim did not have this “rule” or “compulsion” to keep their existence hidden from humans. The Bigfoot were known to the Native Americans by many names. Legends and lore sprang up from the Native American’s interaction with the Bigfoot. The Native Americans always considered them to be a “society” or “tribe.” The relationship the Bigfoot tribes had with the Native Americans was precarious at best. Many Native American tribes described the Bigfoot as cannibals, mountain devils, kidnappers, rapist, and thieves.
American’s education system has been entering crisis mode for a long time. Throughout the past few years, the overwhelming question “Is college needed or worth it?” While it is an opinion, there are facts that back up each answer. Plato’s “Allegory of the Cave” mentions that the enlightened must help the unenlightened and further their knowledge. The problem with America today is that high school students are given the option of college and that makes for less enlightened people. While it is possible to learn in the work force or Army, college is a better option. Mary Daly wrote the article “Is It Still Worth Going to College?” which talks about the statistical value of attending. Michelle Adam wrote the article “Is College Worth It?” which mentions the struggle young people are going through to even get into college. Caroline Bird wrote the chapter “Where College Fails Us” in her book The Case Against College where she
Both Mystery and Niagara Cave are made of limestone. Limestone is formed when areas that used to be covered with water, would have contained shelled animals and other organisms. When the animals died, their bodies along with waste matter from other organisms, floated down to the bottom of the water. Over time, it was compressed and formed limestone. Caves are usually made of limestone because it is easily carved out by water. This is the case for Mystery and Niagara
Imagine a group of people, prisoners, who had been chained to stare at a wall in a cave for all of their lives. Facing that wall, these prisoners can pass the time by merely watching the shadows casted from a fire they could not see behind them dance on the walls. These shadows became the closest to what view of reality the prisoners have. But what happens after one of these prisoners is unbound from his chains to inspect beyond the wall of shadows, to the fire and outside the cave? How would seeing the world outside of the walls of the cave affect his views of the shadows and reality? It is this theme with its questions that make up Plato’s Allegory of the Cave. It is in Plato’s Allegory of the Cave that there are several key ideas presented in the allegory. The ideas presented in the allegory can be related back to themes of education and the gaining of knowledge and in ways that can relate back to “us”, the people.
In the translation of the dialogue from the Allegory of the Cave, readers are introduced to ideas that help them discover information about the process of enlightenment. After readers’ read the Allegory of the Cave, the readers understand Plato’s philosophical assumptions. From the dialogue, Plato confirms the idea that humans establish their own understanding of the world based on their principle senses. Plato catalogs a significant perception of how humans are able to process new ideas of enlightenment or education.
Plato’s Allegory of the Cave is the most comprehensive and far-reaching analogy in his book, The Republic. This blanket analogy covers many of the other images Plato uses as tools through out The Republic to show why justice is good. The Allegory of the Cave, however, is not the easiest image that Plato uses. First, one must understand this analogy and all of it’s hidden intricacies, then one will be able to apply it to the other images Plato uses such as the Divided Line, or Plato’s Forms.
Cave Paintings have been dated back 30,000 years ago, during a time called the Upper Paleolithic Period where homo-sapiens began to express themselves through rock art and drawings on the walls throughout caves in mostly France and Africa. The process of the art being made was resulted from rocks being ground up to make pigments which were often first engraved into the cave walls or painted directly on them in black and ochre colors. There is no absolute reason behind these cave paintings, but scientist have thought of theories behind the talented artists work. The main three categories that have been studied are animal drawings, shamanism, and human paintings; all of which give reason to a new evolution of the human mind and how the meaning behind the cave art can be an insightful look at what homo-sapiens experienced thousands of years ago.
In Plato’s Republic, Socrates argues that for the perfectly just city to be realized in practice, philosopher must become kings and kings must become philosophers. In order to prove his point I will discuss the metaphor of the divided line and the allegory of the cave to explain Socrates’ theory of knowledge. Finally the questions of whether what a person knows make him or her better person? Does it qualify him or her to rule? Will get answered.
The Burgess Shale Fauna is a fauna that was constructed based on a group of fossils that were initially found, in the Burgess Shale area in the Canadian Rockies (Gould, 1989). They are a very important group of fossils as “modern multicellular animals make their first unprotected appearance in the fossil record some 570 million years ago” through this group (Gould, 1989, pp. 24). Moreover the Burgess Shales are known to have preserved the soft parts of animals enabling us to get a better understanding of life at the time.
So many things that we read have a deeper meaning and it takes a special analysis and interpretation to find that deeper meaning. After reading “The Allegory of The Cave” by Plato at first glance you understand that it is about men imprisoned in a cave with nothing to look at but shadows on a wall and to them this is reality because it is all they have ever seen in life. The interpretation of just this one sentence to Pluto’s is very different and has a much deeper meaning that only in time will I figure out. In this essay I will break down my understanding of Pluto’s deeper meaning and try to figure out where his stance would be today.
Plato claims that self-existent and unchanging forms and not the reality obtained through sensory experience are perfect concepts for objects that can be seen in our physical reality. In his Allegory of the Cave, Plato explains how a slave could be set free from chains to the shadows of this world by becoming aware of the higher reality of forms (the objects’ true forms once they leave the cave). His allegory claims that all humans are held prisoner in darkness as we believe actual reality to be the things that we can see around us. However, there is a true reality that exists beyond the physical world. For Plato, he believed we experience this absolute reality when our soul detaches from the body. He believed that the body and soul are two
In book seven of ‘The Republic’, Plato presents possibly one of the most prominent metaphors in Western philosophy to date titled ‘Allegory of the Cave’.
The worst day of my life began innocently enough with my small group of friends preparing to explore a cave. Each month the four of us, I, Jill, John, and Ted, would choose two or three caves and spend our weekends engrossed in exploring them. Today’s cave was a special one; it afforded just a small window of opportunity for exploration because it flooded completely with each high tide. As we checked our packs and made sure all our spelunking and survival gear was in order, a rather jovial, but sizable, fellow by the name of Scott Porker happened by and asked if he could join our group. We agreed, as we were always happy to be in the company of a kindred spirit, and since the tide had just gone out we began our descent into the cave.