1. INTRODUCTION
This report deals with the causes of the collapse of the southland stadium and also how the collapse has been initiated. It also recommends some precautions to be taken during designing and construction of a structure in order to avoid similar type of failure in structures.
The Southland Stadium was located in the surrey park, Invercargill, New Zealand. It was an international sports complex and it provides an indoor facility for various sports and it also had five multipurpose community courts, two event courts, and seating for more than 2500 people, bar, lounge, kitchen and also had parking space for about 700 cars1. It covered an area of 9108 sq. meters.
Figure 1: Plan of the Southland stadium (Source: from www.finda.co.nz)
The roof of the stadium was a clear span over two large interlinked spaces (namely community courts and event courts whose dimensions were 96.35 × 36.6 meters and 46.1 × 39 meters respectively). Two spine trusses T10 & T11 were erected in between community courts and event courts, which were supported by the concrete columns (C13 to C16) are the key elements of the roof structure. The community court consists of nine trusses (T1 to T9) and out of these nine, five trusses were supported by the spine truss (T10) and the remaining trusses are supported by the framework of steel beams. These spine trusses supports an area of half of the event courts and one quarter half of the community courts2. The entire roof comprised of 0.55mm thick profiled metal sheet cladding supported on the cold formed steel purlins with two lines of purlin braces in each bay. These purlins were supported by the steel roof trusses which are fabricated from Rectangular hollow sections and square hol...
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...gs should not be opened to public until and unless it has been carefully examined and certified.
• Proper care should be taken while welding joints and it should be done by the skilled people under proper guidance.
• Columns and walls that support the long roof truss subjected to snow loadings should be of sufficient strength to resist transverse displacement under overloading conditions.
• Appropriate attention should be taken while making connections between different members.
CONCLUSION
While designing any building, one should design it according to the specific standard design codes and also while connecting all the structural members one should maintain proper attention. One should avoid on-site design modifications as much as possible before consulting a structural designer. By taking these necessary precautions, one can prevent the structure from collapse.
In the heart of downtown Los Angeles nestled within the valley of Chavez Ravine lies Dodger Stadium. Overlooking green valleys and rolling hills with the skyscrapers of the city behind it, Dodger Stadium appears as the epitome of peace in bustling Los Angeles. Few would fathom that beneath this sanctum of the Los Angeles Dodgers resides a village of Mexican Americans. Critics ranging from muralist Judy Baca, to academic writers Tara Yosso and David García, to the people displaced themselves argue that the creation of Dodger Stadium can never be justified because it destroyed a village. The construction of Dodger Stadium served the common good according to the definition given in the International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences. The demolition of Palo Verde, La Loma, and Bishop was the fault of the City Housing Authority (CHA), not owner Walter O’Malley who capitalized on Chavez Ravine at the right moment. O’Malley was primarily a businessman who was in charge of the team to make money in order to satisfy thousands of customers while supporting the club’s workers. Finally, the majority of people living in Los Angeles supported the addition of a baseball team which would in turn benefit the city itself.
Heller, Arnie. "The 1906 San Francisco Earthquake." Science & Technology (2006): 4-12. Web. 8 May 2014.
Abstract: The Stadium construction boom continues, and taxpayers are being forced to pay for new high tech stadiums they don’t want. These new stadiums create only part-time jobs. Stadiums bring money in exclusively for professional leagues and not the communities. The teams are turning public money into private profit. Professional leagues are becoming extremely wealthy at the taxpayers expense. The publicly-funded stadium obsession must be put to a stop before athletes and coaches become even greedier. New stadiums being built hurt public schools, and send a message to children that leisure activities are more important than basic education. Public money needs to be used to for more important services that would benefit the local economy. Stadiums do not help the economy or save struggling towns. There are no net benefits from single purpose stadiums, and therefore the stadium obsessions must be put to a stop.
[2] The Procedure Handbook of Arc Welding, 14.ed. Cleveland: The James F. Lincoln Arc Welding Foundation, 2000.
"Welding Processes, Welding Faults, Defects & Discontinuities For NDT Technicians Part 3." Hera.org. Hera, n.d. Web. 15 Mar. 2014. .
Abstract: New forms in current world have been testimony to the contemporary style of postmodern architecture and are the strength of today’s generation for creating significant architectural standards. Post modernism has blurred the borders between contemporary and traditional construction classical concepts and simply in the field of art and literature. The architectural elements like domes, arches, and classical shapes have lost their identity but the post modernism tries to bridge between these historical forms and contemporary styles. The related architects not only struggled to achieve the image for the buildings but also rejected oversimplified diagrams for living. The post modernism here tries to achieve theoretical base for their designs that creates the excitement in the design program.
AT&T Stadium (formerly known as Cowboys Stadium) was introduced to the world on May 27, 2009, when country singer and Texas-own George Strait performed in front of 60,188 fans. A few months later, on September 20th, and 4 years to the day after the stadium ground was broken, the Cowboys played their first regular season game versus the New York Giants. The attendance on this historic night was 105,121. Although AT&T Stadium’s listed capacity is 80,000 people, the standing room only areas on the east and west side of the stadium referred to as Party Passes ($29) gives the stadium the potential to hold up to 105,000.
The Olympic stadium was designed by Buro Happold and constructed by Sir Robert McAlpine (Mark Hansford 2011). Construction began in May 2008 and was completed just under 3 years later in April 2011. The Olympic Stadium lies to the south of Olympic park, the massive regenerated area upon which most 2012 Olympic venues have been built. During the Olympic Games the stadium will have a capacity of 80,000, but in post-games life this will be reduced to 25,000 with the removal of the temporary upper tier (Olympic Delivery Authority n.d.).
The column’s reinforcement are not particularly similar on all floors, therefore all columns were studied floor wise. The columns are also divided in two phases per floor, similar to that of beams. The values derived from the STAAD.Pro results re percentage of steel and stirrup spacing. The percentage is multiplied with the gross area of section and the reinforcement area is achieved. STAAD.Pro aims at lesser number of bars with higher diameter, but it cannot always be sufficient, therefore the number of bars were calculated manually for all columns.
Welding is a versatile and extremely useful career that is very important in today’s world. The versatile nature of welding allows it to be done either indoors or out and many different places and environments ranging from scaffolding hundreds of feet above a city street as well as deep below the surface of the ocean. A professional welder has the ability to work in an open setting or in a confined space equally well. The ability to weld in any environment and at any time makes an individual an extremely valuable asset in today’s world. Employment for welders is projected to grow about 6% from 2012 to 2022. There are numerous areas which require skilled welders such as construction sites, off shore oil rigs, the military, the automotive
.... The extensive roof of the main part, covered in palm leaf thatch or clay tiles to provide good insulation against the sun’s radiation due to their low thermal capacity, is relatively steep to cast off rainwater and most importantly to increase stack ventilation. As air gets warmer, it expands and rises inside the high ceiling. There it flows out of the house through the ventilation roof joints or the hooded rising gable vents. On the other hand, the attached roofs covering the secondary spaces are low-pitched and less suitable for precipitation. But they are intended to cast water away from the walls in order for windows to remain open and let air flow through the building without having water infiltrating it. These roofs also contribute to natural convection by means of the stack effect, since the steeply-pitched roof space draws the air from their lower space.
The Beijing National Stadium is one of the most magnificent landmark in the world. The stadium’s original design is able to take a maximum capacity of 100,000 people, it is later reduced to 91,000 due to a simplification and cost reduction on the project. There are 11,000 temporary seats, and 80,000 permanent seats, given the nature of the Bird’s Nest’s retractable design in consideration of after Olympic city planning in Beijing.
Moreover, if the width of the house no more than 400 cm, it is not necessary structure horses. Two floor structure may also use the multiplex frame structure with a floor that can be coated with a thin cement-cast ceramic coatings. Thus the floor structure is lighter than concrete floors, columns and beams so that the buffer can be much smaller. The distance between the first floor to the second floor is actually quite around 250 cm, provided that sufficient natural ventilation openings and to measure the space. Thus the cost of the wall, the structure of the column, and the ladder can save quite a lot. Effective placement of spaces in the house needs to be designed as efficiently as possible so that there are no spaces unused and circulation pathways in the house become shorter.
8 Below: Final product. CONCLUSIONStructural innovation combined with fundamental sustainable design methods creates architectural marvels that can be presented to a global audience. Architects and engineers will have to continue to innovate in order to address the world's growing needs while keeping the long term impacts of their design in mind. The Helix bridge is an architectural-engineering masterpiece which addresses the needs of the community while being designed for the longevity of the structure. Structural innovation and sustainable design have been perfectly combined
Hut building – there were larger huts built with a center pole, which gave extra support to the roof. It was considered important for resisting heavy gales. It had no windows and doors. Wooden posts were placed firmly in the ground to form a circle about five paces apart and laced together with springy branches and grass. Transverse beams were tied on top of the posts, and a pole placed in the center of the structure. The center pole and the transverse beams were then connected with thin poles, and these were covered with grass or palm leaves to form a conical roof.