Lymphatic Disorder
Castllesman’s Disease CD
In most cases, Castleman’s disease is characterized by a single, solid growth within lymphatic tissue in the chest, stomach, or neck. The growths may also occur in other lymphatic tissue throughout the body. Castelman’s Disease is not cancer, but, a lymphoproliferative disorder. It is a condition resembling lymphoma but without recognizable malignant cells. It shows as isolated masses of lymphoid tissue and lymph node hyperplasia, usually in the abdominal or mediastinal area. There are two types of the disorder, the first one is the hyaline vascular Unicentric Castleman’s disease type that is a localized form affecting only a single gland (lymph node) in the lymphatic system (asymptomatic) or may
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shows as a benign growth in the lymph tissue. The second type is the plasma cell Multicentric type. This type affects multiple lymph nodes and lymphatic tissues, and can severely weaken the immune system. The unicentric type is much more common and is characterized by a large mass of involuted germinal centers surrounded by concentric layers of lymphocytes, with hyalinization of the blood vessels entering the germinal centers. The multicentric type, with layers of plasma cell, is more aggressive and may be premalignant. Castelman’s Disease is also called angiofollicular lymph node hyperplasia, angiomatous lymphoid, Castleman tumor, giant benign lymphoma, giant lymph node hyperplasia and hamartoma of the lymphatics. It was first described by Dr. Benjamin Castleman in the 1950s. Signs and Symptoms Unicentric Castleman disease it is relatively benign and often asymptomatic.
The diseased lymph node is usually located in the chest, neck or abdomen. Usually is asymptomatic but when symptoms are present, they may include: A feeling of fullness or pressure in the chest or abdomen that can cause difficulty breathing or eating, an enlarged lump under the skin in the neck, groin or armpit. Unintended weight loss, and less common are fever, night sweats and weakness.
Multicentric Castleman disease symptoms may include fever, night sweats, fatigue, and weakness, loss of appetite, unintended weight loss, enlarged lymph nodes, usually around the neck, collarbone, underarm and groin areas and splenomegaly or hepatomegaly, early destruction of red blood cells, (leading to hemolytic anemia), and/or abnormally elevated amounts of certain immune factors in the blood. Less common symptoms are peripheral neuropathy and/or skin
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rash. Causes The exact cause of Castleman’s disease is not known, however, some researchers think that increased production of interleukin-6 (IL-6) (acts as both a pro-inflammatory cytokine and an anti-inflammatory myokine) may be involved in the development of the illness.
Also the human herpesvirus 8 (also known as HHV-8, Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus, or KSHV) as it is found in nearly all patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) who develop multicentric Castleman’s
disease. Risk factors Castleman’s disease affects males and females in equal numbers and individuals of any age, although, children are rearely affected. The plasma cell type is more common between young males and females (average age of diagnosis is 35) and most people with the multicentric type are in their 50s and 60s. The multicentric form is also slightly more common in men than in women. Persons with HIV/AIDS are at increased risk of developing multicentric Castleman’s disease. It is estimated that there are approximately 30,000 individuals in the United States afflicted with Castleman’s disease. Tests and Diagnosis A diagnosis of Castleman’s disease will start with a complete clinical evaluation that includes a detailed patient history, a physical examination of the lymph nodes, and a variety of specialized imaging techniques such as CT scan, MRI, and ultrasonography. These tests can identify abnormal growths. Identifying the presence of elevated levels of interleukin-6 and the detection of human herpesvirus-8 may help the diagnosis. Other test that may be recommended are blood and urine tests and lymph node biopsy. A biopsy of the lymph node is indispensable for a definite diagnosis. Treatment The regular treatment for localized or unicentric disease, is the surgical removal of the affected lymph node(s) that usually results in cure. If surgical removal isn't possible, medication may be used to shrink the lymph node. Also radiation therapy may be an effective way to destroy the affected tissue. For multicentric disease, the treatment may include monoclonoal antibodies, to block the action of the IL-6 protein that contributes to cell overgrowth; chemotherapy, to slow overgrowth of lymphatic cells; corticosteroids, to control inflammation; antiviral drugs, to block the activity of HHV-8 or HIV and/or Thalidomide (Thalomid), to block the action of the IL-6 protein. Investigational Therapies Tocilizumab (Actemra), normally used to treat severe rheumatoid arthritis has showed substantial value in the treatment of Castleman’s in a small study from Japan. The treatment requires monthly intravenous injections.
The signs and symptoms are pressure, stiffness, pain in the chest or/ and arms that may advanced to the neck, jaw, or back
Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is the most common virus in the United States that can infect almost any individual. Cytomegalovirus is also referred to as Herpesvirus-5, which belongs to a branch of Herpesviridae family. Herpesviridae has a spherical shape that contains four significant elements that are important to the viron. The four elements are the core, tegument, capsid and the envelope. Alphaherpesvirinae, Betaherpesvirinae and Gammaherpesvirinae are three subfamilies which belong to Herpesviridae. Cytomegalovirus belongs to the Betaherpesvirinae family, which also include Muromegalovirus and Roseolovirus. The Alphaherpesvirinae subfamily includes Simplexvirus, Varicellovirus, Mardivirus and Iltovirus genera. The Gammaherpesvirinae subfamily contains Lymphocryptovirus and Rhadinovirus genera. The diameter size of the virus is based on each specific family; however, the core remains the same throughout the species, which contains single layer of double stranded DNA tightly condensed in the capsid. In the tegument component, there are 30 or more viral proteins that are shapeless that encompass the capsid. Out of the four major components, the tegument has the most poorly defined structure. On the other hand, the capsid is a well-defined structure that is an icosahedron, which is composed of 162 capsomeres, 12 of which are pentons and 150 are hexons (1). Last but not least, the liquid envelope surrounds the tegument with approximately 10 glycoprotein and cellular proteins. Each subfamily under the herpesviriade has its own arrangement between the liquid envelop and the tegument layer.
The Herpes virus is actually from a family of viruses that include 8 different virus strains that affect humans. The viruses are known through numbers 1 through 8 or HHV1-HHV8. HHV 1 and 2 are listed above while HHV 3, known as varicella zoster virus, and that causes chickenpox. HHV 3 can also cause a recurring skin infection known as herpes zoster or shingles. HHV 4 is known as the Epstein Barr virus, and is responsible for the easily spread mononucleosis, commonly referred to as “mono”. HHV 5 is known as...
The organs that make up the lymphatic system are the lymph nodes – small, oval or bean shaped and mainly found in the inguinal (groin), axillary (armpit) and mammary gland areas, the thymus – a bilobed organ located in the upper chest region between the lungs, posterior to the sternum and the spleen – which measures about 12 cm in length. It is located on the left side of the body, inferior to the diaphragm and at the left edge of the stomach.
Located throughout the body along the vessels of the lymphatic system are the lymph nodes. Lymph nodes contain lymphocytes. Lymph nodes collect pathogens from the lymph and expose them to lymphocytes.
Hodgkin’s Lymphoma is a type of cancer of the lymph nodes of the lymphatic system in the body; the lymphatic system...
...pread to nearby tissue in the neck and or to the lymph nodes. Cancer may spread to the lungs and bones as well. Staging consists of more testing; ultrasound, CT scan, MRI, Chest x-ray and a whole body scan. (Thyroid Cancer, 2012)
According to Taber’s Cyclopedic Medical Dictionary (2013), Hodgkin’s lymphoma is “a malignant lymphoma whose pathological hallmark is the Reed-Sternberg (RS) cell. This lymphoma typically begins in a single lymph node (esp. in the neck, axilla, groin, or near the aorta) and spreads to adjacent nodes if it is not recognized and treated early.” (p. 1136). Hodgkin’s lymphoma was first discovered in 1832 by Tom Hodgkins, who first noticed the hallmark deformities in the lymph system. Hodgkin’s lymphoma is most prevalent in Caucasians, young adults (ages 15-30), and the elderly (ages 50 and up) (Roddle, Peggs, 2009, p. 208). Although the cause of the disease has yet to be discovered, it has been “associated with the Epstein Barr virus (EBV) infection in 40-50% of cases” (Roddle, Peggs, 2009, p. 208).
Lymphedema is an abnormal collection of lymphatic fluid and swelling caused by several removal, obstruction, and damage to the lymph nodes which is part of the cancer. The Majority of the swelling happen in the arm or legs may occur in any other body parts. Lymphedema disease can be developed when a lymph vessel is damaged or clogged. Usually the lymph liquid is carried out the body system by a lymph vessel. Although the protein rich fluid is collects in certain areas, they can seduce more liquid and increase swelling. Sometimes the lymphedema commonly confused with lip edema, abnormal fat cells, which can expand onto secondary lymphedema.
Other symptoms are breathing frequent and superficial, the fever and then can often present a noise very particular in the chest area, which is heard through the stethoscope. The symptom picture is completed by shortness of breath, sobs, anemia and decreased body weight.
of Europe was destroyed. The disease causes swelling of the lymph glands (up to the size
It is a disease that looks like cancer due to the growths that form on the lymph nodes inside of the body. The many different categories also make Castleman’s disease unique. Multicentric, unicentric, hyaline-vascular, and plasma cell each have individual traits that can combine with each other to make the disease worse. With the varying categories creates many different symptoms that can make the disease more obvious or almost unknown. The cause of Castleman’s disease is not known but there are links with other immune system issues that might provide an answer in the years to come. But without a known cause doctors are still able to diagnosis people with various tests. Some of these tests will be just physical examinations while others maybe a scan made by a machine. After diagnosis patients will need to be treated with the choice of medication or surgery. Surgery is recommended for those with unicentric Castleman’s disease because it is only one mass located in one area of the body. Medication is better for those with multicentric Castleman’s disease because surgery cannot effectively remove all of the tumors. After treatment is over patients will need to have check-ups for the next five or more years to make sure none of the symptoms or masses come back. If treated properly over 90 percent will survive, but those with preexisting conditions may have a lower rate around 50 percent or lower (Castleman
Some of the symptoms are chronic fatigue,and muscle weakness nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea. You can also have low blood pressure which causes dizziness and you can even faint. Another symptom is dark tanning and freckling to the skin. Freckling skin is more noticeable when some of your body parts are exposed to the sun. There are many symptoms you should be aware about not all of these symptoms indicate you have addison’s disease it could also be another different type of disease. The symptoms of Addison’s disease progress slowly which means you won’t notice the symptoms till you get a stressful event such as an accident or illness. When this occurs it’s called Addisonian crisis. Addisonian crisis could be fatal so it is considered a medical emergency.Did you know one in four people with Addison’s disease is their first time they realize they are ill. Some symptoms of addisonian crisis includes that you may have a fever, low blood pressure, weakness and fatigue, loss of consciousness and also when your body does not get enough bloss
The patient has experienced fever, chills on body, headaches and anorexia as well as sweating especially during the night. The patient has also been feeling fatigued, muscle aches and nausea as well as vomiting especially after eating (WHO, 2010, p. 117). These symptoms started forty eight hours ago, and the patient has not taken any medication except for some aspirin.
detected or destroyed by the. It is capable of destroying millions of people. without war or violence. This thing is AIDS caused by the virus. HIV -1.