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Biomedical view of meningitis
Biomedical view of meningitis
Diagnosis, Initial Management, and Prevention of Meningitis
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The following case study is about a lab technician who got in contact with a patients spinal fluids and began felling different symptoms like chills, fever, nausea, even had purple-red lesions on his or her neck and extremities, also throat culture grew gram-negative diplococci. From reading the case study again, I realized that the lab technician had purple-red lesions and also had something to do with spinal fluids which strongly prompt me to lead towards Meningococcemia infection. Meningococcemia infection is a serious disease that can effect the whole body but particularly the limbs and brain. Most patients with Meningococcemia may present Meningitis alone, these symptoms may include headache, sore throat, nausea and purpuric lesions all over the body. Meningitis is a disease that is the immflamuation of …show more content…
This genus is known as coccus because its round but also diplococcus because its forms pairs. The well known genus is contracted by saliva and respiratory secretions such as sneezing and kissing. The cell gets infected by the genus sticking on to it with long extensions which then the surface exposes protein. When looking over my case study I realized that the lab technician got in contact with the patient spinal fluid which was Meningococcal infection. This is a infection that surrounds the brain and spinal cord and when the lab technician got in contact with the bacteria Neisseria meningitis it must have got in it into his or her blood stream and cause Meningococcemia infection, because this bacteria can be transmitted through person to person it caused the lab technician to start developing chills, fever, nausea, knowing that Neisseria meningitis is the cause of Meningitis led the lab technician to form the purple-red lesion. This infection occurs about 2% in kids younger than two years of age, 5% of children up to seventeen years of age and about 20-40% of young adults are carries which causes the morality rate to be very high to about 90% and
The results of the gram stain test were cocci and purple. This indicated that the unknown bacteria were gram positive. The gram stain test eliminated Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumonia, Salmonella enterica, and Yersinia enterocolitica as choices because these bacteria are gram negative. Next a Blood Agar plate was used because in order to do a MSA or a Catalase test there needs to be a colony of the bacteria. The result of the Blood Agar plate was nonhemolytic.
The guidelines’ first focus is the definition of sepsis, which makes sense, because there is no way to effectively treat sepsis without an accurate and categorical definition of the term. The guidelines define sepsis as “the presence (probable or documented) of infection together with systemic manifestations of infection”. Such systemic manifestations can include fever, tachypnea, AMS, WBC >12k, among others; these manifestations are listed in full in Table 1 of the guidelines. The definition for severe sepsis builds on to the definition of sepsis, bringing organ dysfunction and tissue hypoperfusion (oliguria, hypotension, elevated lactate) into the picture; full diagnostic criteria is listed in Table 2. The guidelines recommend that all
Streptococcus pyogenes is a very common bacteria found in humans. It is very transmissible and can be caught through the air via coughing or sneezing. This form of Strep. illness is referred to as Streptococcal pharyngitis, also known as Strep. throat, which can complicate into Scarlet Fever. It is also possible to be infected through abrasions of the skin, which can result in cellulitis, impetigo, or even necrotizing fasciitis. Aside from human to human contact, these bacteria can also be found in unpasteurized milk. There is no vaccine for Streptococcal infections, though antibiotics such as penicillin still work very well against them.
I was given unknown organism #14, in order to find out what organism I had, I had to perform several different biochemical tests to identify it. Starting with the Gram stain test, which is performed to differentiate Gram-positive and Gram-negative cells. After staining, when observed through the microscope Gram-positive cells are a purple color with thick peptidoglycan cell walls. Gram-negative cells are a pinkish/red color with thinner cell walls. (handout G. s.) My organism was observed to be pinkish rod shaped meaning it is Gram-negative bacteria.
Enterococcus faecalis is a genus of gram positive cocci and form short chains or are arranged in pairs. They are nonmotile, facultative anaerobic organisms and can survive in harsh conditions in nature. There are over 15 species of the Enterococcus genus but about 90% of clinical isolates are E. faecalis. E. faecalis is a nosocomial pathogen because it is commonly found in the hospital environment and can cause life-threatening infections in humans. It is a bacterium that normally inhabits the intestinal tract in humans and animals but when found in other body locations it can cause serious infections. The most common sites for E. faecalis infections are the heart, bloodstream, urinary tract, and skin wounds. Due to vancomycin-resistant Enterococci, many antibiotics have been shown ineffective in the treatment. In this paper, I will describe the ecology and pathology of E. faecalis; the antibacterial resistance; treatment; and, what you can do to prevent Enterococcus infection.
In one of the meetings with the mentor regarding altered and/or impaired homeostatic function, a case study of a patient admitted with sepsis was discussed. Assessment, care and evolving treatment provided was looked into. Following the discussion, the management of sepsis has been examined further by the learner as she was not familiar with the bundle of six sepsis mentioned by the mentor. The learner looked on the situation and reflected back on the occurrence that took place realizing if appropriate measures were implemented and how things can be different in future practice (Schon, 1987). This
My disease is Streptococcal pneumonia or pneumonia is caused by the pathogen Streptococcus pneumoniae. Streptococcus pneumoniae is present in human’s normal flora, which normally doesn’t cause any problems or diseases. Sometimes though when the numbers get too low it can cause diseases or upper respiratory tract problems or infections (Todar, 2008-2012). Pneumonia caused by this pathogen has four stages. The first one is where the lungs fill with fluid. The second stage causes neutrophils and red blood cells to come to the area which are attracted by the pathogen. The third stage has the neutrophils stuffed into the alveoli in the lungs causing little bacteria to be left over. The fourth stage of this disease the remaining residue in the lungs are take out by the macrophages. Aside from these steps pneumonia follows, if the disease should persist further, it can get into the blood causing a systemic reaction resulting in the whole body being affected (Ballough). Some signs and symptoms of this disease are, “fever, malaise, cough, pleuritic chest pain, purulent or blood-tinged sputum” (Henry, 2013). Streptococcal pneumonia is spread through person-to-person contact through aerosol droplets affecting the respiratory tract causing it to get into the human body (Henry, 2013).
Centuries later, another man began to outline more thoroughly the features and symptoms of several afflictions. Theodor Billroth, a Viennese surgeon described streptococci, staphylococci, diplococci, and even rods found in pus as intervals regarded in a distinct species: Coccobacteria septica (Breed). He investigated the roles of the bacteria and entwined their origin. Billroth noticed specific bacteria in those with erysipelas; he named the bacteria streptococcus from the two Greek words strepto meaning a chain formed of links, and coccus meaning berry.
Due to its tendency to be both a viral and bacterial disease, meningitis can prove difficult to treat. Its dual tendencies also mean that various methods are used to attack the disease. In order to treat meningitis, different aspects of the disease must be discovered first. The type of organism causing the infection, the age of the patient, and the extent of the infection must all be taken into account (WebMD, sec. 8). Any time meningitis is found, immediate treatment with antibiotics is required, and continuation of antibiotic treatment depends on whether a bacteria or a virus is causing th...
Real time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) targeting the Coccidioides internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2) and Antigen 2/proline rich antigen gene (Ag2/PRA) have been developed. When applied to respiratory tract and cerebrospinal fluid samples, they offer a sensitivity of up to 100% and a specificity of up to 98% and a short time to diagnosis. (30) Current PCR assays are predominantly in house or reference laboratory tests and not commercialised.
Backlash against the “Me Too” movement? It would be a jest to say there is a person, within the field of the internet, who has not recognized the existence of the “Me Too” movement. Although the credit of publicising was given to the actress Alyssa Milano, after her reaction tweet earlier last October: "If all the women who have been sexually harassed or assaulted wrote 'Me too.' as a status, we might give people a sense of the magnitude of the problem," it was founded a decade ago by Tarana Burke, an American civil right activist. The motive of the phrase was to empower women who suffered from different sexual harassment and assault especially the young, colored and those from a low wealth community.
Meningitis, it’s an infection in the cerebral spinal fluid and inflammation of the meninges; the three outer layers of the brain. To be more specific, those three layers are called the Dura mater, Arachnoid mater, and the Pia mater. There are three main types of meningitis that will be discussed throughout this paper; viral, bacterial, and fungal. Each form is very similar but they all vary in terms of causative organisms, treatment and severity. Although meningitis is not very common, it can become very severe and always needs to be treated immediately.
Klebsiella pneumonia is a gram-negative, encapsulated, lactose-fermenting, non-motile, facultative anaerobic, urease positive, indole-negative, rod-shaped bacterium that is in the Enterobacteriaceae family (Tufts University, n.d.). Klebsiella is typically found in the nose or mouth, gastrointestinal tract (CDC, 2012). Klebsiella pneumonia was first discovered in 1882 as a pathogen that caused pneumonia (). Klebsiella can cause various types of health-related infections in the bloodstream, wound, and also surgical site infections (CDC, 2012). A common place to become infected with Klebsiella is the hospital settings, while being treated for other illnesses. Patients who get infected this way typically are on a ventilator or intravenous catheters (CDC, 2012). Klebsiella was named after Edwin Klebs, who was a German microbiologist (Obiamiwe, 2013).
FR is a 67 year old woman with chronic lower extremity edema and right lower extremity cellulitis, who has been managed with ciproflaxin, having failed outpatient treatment. Now is admitted for antibiotics and wound care after presenting to clinic on day of admission. The patient also has been complaining of poor p.o. intake for the last week or so due to poor appetite and some chills. Also notes some falls, 2 times in the last week or so. Several days prior to admit, had a fall while trying to have a bowel movement, which resulted in incontinence. While running to the bathroom, she slipped and fell on a stool, hit her head on the toilet, and passed out as a result. She did not present to medical care at that time, but in the ED during this presentation she had a normal CAT scan of her abdomen. Chest x-ray was also normal. Vitals were unremarkable, without any evidence of SIRS physiology. Prior cultures grew MSSA resistant to clindamycin, levo, penicillin, and pseudomonas pan sensitive.
Nursing diagnosis Hospital acquired infections are spread by numerous routes including contact, intravenous routes, air, water, oral routes, and through surgery. The most common types of infections in hospitals include urinary tract infections (32%), surgical site infections (22%), pneumonia (15%), and bloodstream infections (14%). a. (book). The most common microorganisms associated with the types of infections are Esherichila coli, Enterococcus species, Staphylococcus auerus, Coagulase-negative staphylococci, or Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Urinary tract infections occur when one or more microorganisms enter the urinary system and affect the bladder and/or the kidneys.