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Chapter 2 the basics of ethics in nursing
Principles of philosophy in nursing
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Recommended: Chapter 2 the basics of ethics in nursing
The four patterns of knowing, empirics, esthetics, ethics, and personal identified by Carper explain the philosophical approach of attaining knowledge and emphasize on its complexity. Nursing practice relies on multiple techniques other than the traditional means of science or empirics (Butts & Rich, 2015). 1. Empirics: Scientific knowledge acquired from evidence-based research. Quantitative data that could be formulated and verified (last name instructor, 2016). 2. Esthetics: 3. Ethics: An obligation to advocate for the patient and their decisions. Ethics is a core value that an individual use in regards to social norms as a guide to help manage their practice and make moral decisions (Zaccagnini & White, 2014). 4. Personal Knowledge:
A critical analysis of the four fundamental patterns of knowing in nursing is essential for nurses to be able to grasp the complicated nature of the nursing practice. Barbara Carper (1978) lists the four patterns of knowing as: empirics, esthetics, personal knowledge, and ethics or moral knowledge (p.14). The science of nursing is called empirics and the connection of art to nursing is referred to as esthetics (Carper, 1978, p.14). These patterns are four very complex areas of nursing that every nurse must consider in order to be as successful as possible in providing care. In this evaluation the author will discuss how these concepts affect present learning and practice.
Carper’s (1978) pivotal work of identifying nursing’s ways of knowing was a seminal work that laid the foundation for further analysis. Her ways of knowing have identified methods that have allowed the nursing discipline to further its own knowledge as well as the profession. Two other ways of knowing have emerged, Munall’s (1993) “unknowing” pattern; and also sociopolitical knowing by Zander (2011, p. 9) or emancipatory pattern (Chinn & Kramer, 2011, p. 5). Here these patterns are discussed through experiences in my personal practice.
In Barbara Carper’s “Fundamental Patterns of Knowing in Nursing “(1978), Carper outlines four different patterns of knowing: empirics, esthetics, personal and ethics. Carper believes that all of these patterns of knowing are not mutually exclusive or sufficient on their own merit. What Carper shows is that these four patterns of knowing are intertwined and each play their role in a nurse’s knowledge base. This paper will outline Carper’s four patterns of knowing as it applies to nursing.
The field of nursing is dynamic, complex, and requires a wide body of knowledge. It has evolved from a vocation to a profession and theory-based discipline. In Carper’s “Fundamental Patterns of Knowing in Nursing,” she identifies four patterns of knowing that are “essential for the teaching and learning of nursing…and what kinds of knowledge are to be of most value to the discipline of nursing.” These four patterns of knowing include empirical, esthetic, personal, and ethical knowing, and they determine a basis for the identity and practice of nursing.
The fundamental patterns of knowledge were first identified by Barbara Carper (1978), and included empirical, personal, ethical, and aesthetic knowing. According to Zander (2007), Carper sought to develop a holistic, individualistic, therapeutic model of practice which could be utilized to structure nursing education, and evaluate nursing practice. The addition of emancipatory knowing by Chinn and Kramer followed in 2008. These patterns of knowledge have shown to be very beneficial, if not crucial to the nursing profession. The purpose of this paper is to provide an in depth explanation of aesthetics, and its importance in nursing. A detailed scenario of esthetic nursing will be included. This
Barbara Carper that her article entitled “Fundamental Patterns of Knowing in Nursing “identified four patterns of knowing including empirics, ethics, aesthetics and personal knowing and claimed that these form the basis of nursing knowledge (Carper, 2006). In this article the patterns of knowing have been identified as an appropriate way for nurses to organize and reflect upon their knowledge (Johns, 1995; Wainwright, 2000). There are others ways of knowing that have been identified including ‘experience’ and ‘intuition’ (Zander, 2007).
The word ethics is derived from the Greek word ethos, which means character (1). Being moral always fills a nurse with morals respects, guidelines of good judgment and expert lead. There are three essential obligations for nurses, among many other which are the duty of autonomy, confidentiality, and obligation of care to all patients (2). There are professional duties with becoming distinctly legitimate obligations if any law and policies are ruptured in between professional practice. In 2001, a review found that there was an apparent requirement for more guidance on moral predicaments inside the medical professionals, subsequent to expanding legal cases and open request (3). Medical attendants ought to withstand to regulatory law and statutory law while managing the nursing practice.
The significance of the knowing patterns conveys that the structure of discipline that must be present for learning, does not represent the complete approach to problems, and/or questions, and that the knowledge of knowing can change (Barbara A. Carper, 1978). By knowing the restrictions, it helps change the process of learning and create new patterns. Conclusion The process of knowing in nursing is a complex process that involves four major components: empirics, esthetics, personal knowing, and ethics. Carper’s compilation of different theorist’s ideas on the fundamental patterns of knowing in nursing reviews what a nurse needs to know to provide the best care possible. It helps address patterns of knowledge that can and cannot be taught to a nursing student.
The science of nursing or the empirical pattern of knowledge only partially reflects nursing knowledge. This is the concrete, factual, and numerical aspect of health care. Empirical knowing is based on the assumption that what is known is accessible through the physical senses: seeing, touching and hearing. This is where evidence based practice (EBP) comes in. Evidence-based practice focuses on the methods of critically evaluating and applying available data and research, to understanding and improving the clinical decision-making. By using updated research and techniques provided by EBP a nurse can provide better health care. Empirical knowing is also the grounds to health care policies and procedures. These policies and procedures are an attempt at providing the nurse and patient an approved and consistent system from which to follow based on accepted evidence based research. Nurses face a challenge when trying to translate the broad best evidence into the specific clinical practice.
Ethics is a word that can be used loosely, so it’s important to understand the meaning of this question by first discussing what is meant by personal ethics or professional ethics.
Nursing is an advanced and evolving profession that requires knowledge which may be gained through evidence-based research, theories, clinical practice, and continuing education. Nursing knowledge is the foundation to provide patients with high-quality care to produce optimal outcomes. Knowledge development in nursing is centered around the care of patients, families, and the community. Knowing and understanding specific patient and patient populations is an essential consideration during the process of developing nursing knowledge. Mantzorou and Mastrogiannis (2011) analyze Carper’s Patterns of Knowing which include four patterns: empirics, aesthetics, ethics and personal knowing. Theories may also guide nursing knowledge to convey ideas
All human beings are born free and equal in their dignity and right. Everyone has the right to live and make decisions for themselves. Ethics is related to human rights. It is concerned with principles, values and standards of human conduct. Individuals have the right to freedom of thought, conscience and religion (Funnelle, Koutoukidis & Lawrence, 2009, p.34-35). In health care, there are number of ethical issues related to patient’s health. It is very essential to obey to ethical principles in order to protect the dignity, rights and welfare of individuals. Ethics is concern for human life. It is the means of deciding a course of action or behavior. A situation when a choice between two options and if one option is chosen, the other will
Ethics are moral principles or values that govern the conduct of an individual or a group.It is not a burden to bear, but a prudent and effective guide which furthers life and success. Ethics are important not only in business but in academics and society as well because it is an essential part of the foundation on which a civilized society is built.
[1] Ethics is defined as “the code of moral principles and values that governs the behaviour of a person or a group with respect to what is right or wrong” (Samson and Daft, 2005, p.158)
Ethics is a system of moral principles and a branch of philosophy which defines what is acceptable for both individuals and society. It is a philosophy that covers a whole range of things that have an importance in everyday situations. Ethics are vital in everyones lives, it includes human values, and how to have a good life, our rights and responsibilities, moral decisions what is right and wrong, good and bad. Moral principles affect how people make decisions and lead their lives (BBC, 2013). There are many different beliefs about were ethics come from. These consist of; God and Religion, human conscience, the example of good human beings and a huge desire for the best for people in each unique situation, and political power (BBC, 2013).