III. Punishment is anything that decreases the chances of the behavior being repeated. a. Examples of punishment are easy to find because we’re dealing with operant conditioning, punishment (and reinforcement) when apply decreases the chances of voluntary behavior. b. For example, if you get a speeding ticket on the freeway, you will probably be less likely to speed in the near future. c. Although punishment may be an effective way to stop a behavior immediately (such as when a child is about to do something that may cause him bodily harm), it has not been found to be an effective way of changing behaviors in the long run. Problems with Punishment 1. In fact, punishment often does more harm than good. One problem with punishment is that it …show more content…
Humanistic believe that we are all born with an innate drive to reach our potential as good, contributing persons to our society (contributing in whatever way suits our own strengths). b. This theory is essentially an optimistic one that views human nature in the best possible light; it provides a stark contrast to the conflict-driven psychoanalytic theory and the environment-driven behaviorist theory. Carl Rogers’s Self Theory Fully functioning person is one who gets along well with others by conditional positive regard and genuinely caring about them. Carl Rogers believed that we reach this goal primarily by receiving unconditional positive regard, which helps us develop positive self-esteem. 1. Fulfilling one’s potential meant becoming a fully functioning person, or one who gets along well with others by offering unconditional positive regard and genuinely caring about them. 2. If a person receives unconditional positive regard, he will develop good self-esteem, which will enable him to treat other people with genuine concern and respect, even if their viewpoints differ from his own. Rogers believed that we are born with this potential inside us. 3. If our environment is a positive one, which fosters self-esteem, we will reach this potential and become fully …show more content…
These needs may be satisfied by feeling connected with our family, close friends, people at work, a religious group, or any other group with whom we identify. Once these and the other lower order needs are met, we can then work on the fourth level of needs, our esteem needs. 4. Esteem needs are both the need to feel good about oneself (self-esteem) and the need to be respected by significant others. People meet these needs to improve their self-esteem through working out, or by enrolling in college, yet still others might strive for better self-esteem by getting out of a negative job environment and into a better one. 5. Self-Actualization is the final level, when formidable goals or all the other lower level of needs are met, we can then strive for self-actualization, or work toward reaching our potential in some way that is meaningful to us as individuals. Based on an individual’s values and interests self-actualization can take many forms. Such as being immersed in a career; achieving personal excellence in athletic or artistic pursuits; it could involve becoming fully developed and connected with family in certain roles such as father, a teacher or a doctor and so
older people imagine clear to a greater degree by their social roles. (Kuhn, 1960). The need for self-esteem plays an important role in psychologist Abraham Maslow's hierarchy of needs, which depicts self-esteem as one of the basic human motivations. Maslow suggested that people need both esteem from other people as well as inner self-respect. Both of these needs must be fulfilled in order for an individual to grow as a person and achieve self-actualization.
Goethe’s statement, “Treat people as if they were what they ought to be and you help then to become what they are capable of being” is commonly used in both a positive and negative form in today’s society. When a person looks the statement carefully over, they will find the meaning into what he is saying. From the Bible, the quote “Do unto others as you would have others do unto you” is very similar to Goethe’s statement. If a person acts in a certain way toward somebody, then the environment and the people in which that person is surrounded by affects his attitude directly. When a person believes somebody has the capability to be more than they are, and the person pushes that person to succeed, the person will live up to those standards. By having another source other than yourself see what you are capable of doing, it lets people see themselves from a different perspective. There are many examples in modern day society of Goethe’s statement.
First, there must be two persons in psychological contact. The first person must be experiencing incongruence, client. The second person is congruent, therapist. The therapist will experience unconditional positive regard for the client, as well as empathic understanding of the client’s internal frame of reference, while attempting to communicate this to the client. The communication of the unconditional positive regard and empathy must be minimally achieved. Therefore, the therapist provides a session, in which the client is free to discuss any topic. The therapist will respect and value what the client says and attempts to enter the client’s world. The therapist will put no conditions of worth onto the client. Rogers did not have techniques, but rather conditions that he stated were necessary for change. If a person feels their believes are being respected, he/she will begin to act upon the organismic valuing process, working towards becoming a fully functioning person and self-actualization. Rogers described a fully functioning person as someone who is open to experience, living in the moment, trusting in his own judgment, free to make choices, are creative, reliable and constructive, and living a life that is rich and full. Rogers also stated that an individual is not in a constant state of fully functioning, he/she will experience
‘A good smack never did a child any harm, that’s how they learn what is right and what is wrong’ has been proven wrong by Behavioral Psychologists, by conducting conditioning experiments. B.F Skinner who studied and performed an experiment on operant conditioning proved that to punish a child, does not always provide the direction that reward does, and in fact it teaches the child that a particular behaviour is unacceptable, and doesn’t show which other behaviours are acceptable.
This need encompasses love, the need for intimate bonds with others. Bonds such as friendship or personal relationship become important. Once that need is met then “Esteem” or the feeling of achievement needs to be met. Finally, “Self-actualization” is accomplished. “Self-actualization is the realization of the full potential that one possesses.
This essay will begin by discussing how an individual 's attitude is often scrutinised as being either positive or negative, how this can be damaging to their happiness and how realistic thinking can be more helpful.
Psychoanalysis gives an understanding of the unconscious mind of human beings while behaviorism is the study of behaviors of individuals in different environments. The theory of humanistic theory emphasizes on the potential of every person and focuses on the benefits of self-actualization and growth. The humanistic theory focuses on the belief that individuals are internally good and that social and mental problems are because of deviations from the norm (Arnaud & Vanheule, 2013).
The criminal justice system is the system of law enforcement that takes an extensive position in prosecuting, defending, sentencing, and punishing those who are suspected or convicted of criminal offenses. It is essential to know the many theories of punishment that the justice system has created in their minds that eventually became a part of society. This paper will analyze the theoretical explanations of punishment and their effect on society by generating an opinion of how each type of punishment deters crime the best and if punishment provides any benefit to the offenders and to society.
...that they are capabale, fulfilling the potential that lies within the person. Unlike the previous needs, which are driven by deficits, that once they are filled, bring nothing more to the individual other than the opportunity to feel the next need, self-actualization is a growth need. The more one puts into the attainment of self-actualization the more that the individual becomes actualized. It is a rare achievement as the person must not only have all of his more basic needs met, he must be aroused enough by the motivation to make the attempt at fulfilling the need.
Punishment has been in existence since the early colonial period and has continued throughout history as a method used to deter criminals from committing criminal acts. Philosophers believe that punishment is a necessity in today’s modern society as it is a worldwide response to crime and violence. Friedrich Nietzche’s book “Punishment and Rehabilitation” reiterates that “punishment makes us into who we are; it creates in us a sense of responsibility and the ability to take and release our social obligations” (Blue, Naden, 2001). Immanuel Kant believes that if an individual commits a crime then punishment should be inflicted upon that individual for the crime committed. Cesare Beccaria, also believes that if there is a breach of the law by individuals then that individual should be punished accordingly.
The humanistic psychology tends to aim at the latent possibility of individuals while emphasizing on the growing process and perceived personality. The underlying principle of humanistic psychology is that humans are naturally decent and mind and societal issues arise from unacceptable behavior that is sharply different from customary, traditional, or accepted standard. Also, it insinuates that people are inspired to employ this free will to engage in whatever that will make it easier for them to succeed in doing or gaining something with effort. Nevertheless, a person continues to explore strategies to develop, progress, acquire information or skills, and to encounter psychological growth and self-actualization. In this paper, it will discuss
The need for self-esteem plays an important role in psychologist Abraham Maslow's hierarchy of needs (1970), depicting self-esteem as one of the basic human motivations. Maslow suggested that people need both esteem from other people as well as inner self-respect. Both of these needs must be fulfilled in order for an individual to grow as a person and achieve self-actualization.
Being nice to others as a daily principle of life, such as (hi), smiling, asking people how they are with showing real interest in knowing how they are, not just asking for asking.
Carl Rogers was a founder of this movement that emphasizes personal growth, and he suggested that the personality only contains one paradigm- the self-concept. The self-concept is a collection of beliefs about one’s nature, qualities unique to them, and their typical behavior. If a person’s self-concept matched reality, then they are considered congruent. If they do not match reality, then they are considered incongruent, and this has an effect on the person’s well being. Rogers believed that a parent’s unconditional love for their child could help foster congruence in that person. (Weiten, Dunn, & Hammer, 2012) He based these humanistic theories off of the interactions that he had with his clients, as he observed them during their sessions. His theories help to explain a person’s defensive behavior among other things, but most importantly, he stressed that psychological health is extremely important. (Weiten, Dunn, & Hammer,