Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a broad term covering a family of diseases linked by common risk factors and caused by atherosclerosis. These diseases include coronary heart disease, myocardial infarctions, heart failure, stroke, hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, diabetes, chronic kidney disease, peripheral artery disease, vascular dementia, and others included in ICD10 codes 100-199. CVD is the leading cause of death throughout the world, accounting for more than 17.5 million deaths in 2012; 31% of all global deaths [1]; more deaths than all forms of cancer combined. In 2013, CVD was the underlying cause of death for over 800,900 deaths, approximately 31% of all deaths in the United States [2]. In 2013 the overall attributable death …show more content…
CVD is the leading cause of death in both women and men over the age of 65. CVD is both a huge burden on the health care system and a huge economic burden. From 2011 to 2012, the average annual direct and indirect cost of CVD in the United States was estimated at $316.6 billion [2]. These costs included direct costs of physicians, hospitals, medication and health care, estimated at $193.1 billion, as well as the indirect costs of lost productivity and mortality, estimated at $123.5 billion [2]. Projections for 2030 indicate that 43.9% of the US population will have some form of CVD and total costs associated with CVD will increase to more than $1.2 trillion [2]. From 1979 to 2011 the US saw a large decline in deaths attributable to CVD; mortality rates dropped 52% in men and 49% in women between 1980 …show more content…
Ford et al found that that 47% of the decrease was due to improved treatment and therapies, including secondary preventive treatments, initial treatment of myocardial infarctions, heart failure treatments and others [4]. Forty-four percent of the decline was due to changes in risk factors; reductions in total cholesterol, systolic blood pressure and smoking, along with increased physical activity [4]. The most consistent declines were in adults ≥65 years of age between 1979 and 1989. However, three subsequent decades showed little change in the mortality rates. This was especially true in both men and women between the ages of 35-54. While there are fewer studies of younger people and younger women are particularly underrepresented, it is possible that one of the mechanisms contributing to the sluggish decline of CVD mortality in this group is due to increased risk factors. Atherosclerosis is an underlying cause of CVD; preventing atherosclerosis by reducing risk factors may prevent 90% of all CVD. Exercise, weight loss, healthy eating, limited alcohol consumption, the avoidance of smoking, treatment of hypertension and diabetes are all beneficial in the prevention
Coronary artery disease is a heart disease characterized by narrow arteries and restricted blood flow in arteries and is the major cause of morbidity and mortality globally.[1] According to WHO estimation, 6.8% in men and 5.3% in women are affected globally.[2-4] Cardiovascular disease account for 29% of all deaths in Canada; of all the cardiovascular death, 54% and 23% was due to ischemic heart disease and heart attack, respectively. The total costs for heart disease and stroke were more than $20.9 billion every year. [5,6] With more than 1 artery impacted, multivessel coronary artery disease is more complex and more likely accompanied by other comorbidities including diabetes or high blood pressure; multivessel coronary artery disease usually is more difficult to deal with, has worse prognosis and cost more compared with single coronary artery disease. [7]
Cardiovascular disease is currently the leading cause of death in the United States. It is responsible for one in four deaths every year, about 600,000 mortalities. This disease affects men and women, as well as every ethnic group. Coronary artery disease is the most common cardiovascular disease, representing approximately 400,000 deaths per year of the aforementioned 600,000 total deaths from cardiovascular diseases as a whole. In 2010 alone, coronary artery disease cost the United States $108.9 billion for health care services, medication, and lost productivity. These chilling statistics, published every year by the American Medical Association, demonstrate the immediate need for new and innovative ways to prevent, detect, and treat coronary heart disease. This paper will explore the molecular biology behind the disease while explaining the current treatments and prevention that are available today, why they work and what can be done to improve them.
Since 1960 the age-adjusted mortality rates for cardiovascular disease (CVD) has declined steadily in the U.S. due to multiple factors, but still remains one of the primary causes of morbidity and premature mortality worldwide. Greater control of risk factors and improved treatments for cardiovascular disease has significantly contributed to this decline (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2011). In the U.S. alone it claims approximately 830,000 each year and accounts for 1/6 of all deaths under the age of 65 (Weiss and Lonnquist, 2011). Based on the 2007 mortality rate data an average of 1 death every 37 seconds is due to cardiovascular disease (Lloyd-Jones et al., 2009). Controlling and reducing risk factors is crucial for saving lives. There are a number of contributing risk factors for cardiovascular disease, which may appear in the form of hereditary, behavioral, and psychological, all of which ultimately converge in social or cultural factors.
Prevention of Coronary Heart Disease Cardiovascular Disease, or CVD, is Britains biggest killer, responsible for 40% of premature deaths in Britain. CVD is a comprehensive term for several afflictions of the cardiovascular system - the heart and blood vessels of the body. These afflictions are Coronary Heart Disease (CHD), Atherosclerosis and arteriosclerosis, Angina, Coronary Thrombosis and Myocardial Infarction and Stroke. Apart from the high mortality rate - it is estimated that CVD kills 140,000 people a year under 75 years old, chronic heart disease causes incapacitation, suffering and pain in many of it's victims. Much heart disease is also self-inflicted and therefore avoidable.
Today, cardiovascular disease is “the number one killer in the United States and the developed world” (Sapolsky, 2004, p. 41). Coronary heart disease (CHD) is the most common form of cardiovascular disease, and is responsible for claiming an unreasonable amount of lives every year. CHD can begin to accumulate in young adults, but is prominently found in both men and women in their later adult lives. As a result of CHD, men typically experience heart attacks, whereas women present with chest pains, known as angina (Matthews, 2005).
One of the leading causes of death in the United States is heart disease. “Approximately every 29 seconds one American will have a heart attack, and once a minute one American will die from a heart attack” (Ford-Martin and Odle, 915). According to the Gale Encyclopedia of Alternative Medicine men over the age of 45 and women over the age of 55 are considered at risk for heart disease. Heart disease is a major cause of death. It is beneficial to individuals who seek to prevent heart disease to recognize the risks leading to heart attacks as they are one of the primary indications of developing heart disease; especially those that fall into the at risk age groups. These risks consist of some that cannot be changed such as heredity risks, or those that can change such as smoking habits. It is very important to know these specific risks for prevention and to understand the symptoms of heart attacks, such as sweating or the feeling of weakness so if these or other symptoms occur people are aware. Finally heart disease treatment is of vital importance if you experience a heart attack so you can learn how to prevent another one from occurring.
Just as breast cancer is killing our African American women, heart disease is also one of the major diseases killing our women. Heart disease is one of the nation’s leading causes of death in both woman and men. About 600,000 people die of heart disease in the United States (Americas heart disease burden, 2013). Some facts about heart disease are every year about 935,000 Americans have a heart attack. Of these, 610,000 are a first heart attack victim. 325,000 happen in people who have already had a heart attack. Also coronary heart disease alone costs the United States $108.9 billion each year. This total includes the cost of health care services, medications, and loss of productivity. Deaths of heart disease in the United States back in 2008 killed about 24.5% of African Americans.
Coronary Heart Disease (CHD) is the leading cause of death in the United States. 13 million people are affected by this disease. CHD is also called Hardening of the Arteries, CAD. CHD is cause by the build-up of plaque in the arteries that connect to the heart. The build-up is caused by fat materials and other substances that form plaque. The plaque builds-up on the wall of the coronary arteries. The coronary arteries are responsible of the blood flow and oxygen that gets to the heart. The build-up of the fat materials causes the arteries to get narrow, this results in the blood flow and oxygen to the heart to slow down or even stop.
lives. A simple definition of a heart attack is a sudden failure of the heart
High blood pressure can damage and weaken you arteries. It is known as the silent killer because many people do not know they have the condition. High blood pressure is common in some areas of the United States than in others. High blood pressure is the most important risk factor for strokes. It can be controlled by several different ways. You can take medication, lose weight, exercise regularly, eat healthy, reduce sodium in your diet, limited your alcohol you drink, avoid tobacco and secondhand smoke, cut back on caffeine, reduce your stress, monitor your blood pressure at home, and get support from your family and friends
Understanding the current practice patterns in primary and secondary prevention in different settings is an important initial step in scaling up prevention activities at state level. These approaches need to be developed to narrow the implementation gap between evidence-based guidelines and the lifestyle, risk factor and therapeutic management of patients with CVD.
• Introduction- Health care is extremely costly in the United States. Although the rate of growth in spending has attenuated in recent years, per capita spending on health care is estimated to be 50 to 200 percent greater in the United States than in other economically developed countries. Despite leading the world in costs, however, the United States ranks twenty-sixth in the world for life expectancy and ranks poorly on other indicators of quality.(Bruke L, Lyan A,2014) "
Atherosclerosis is a disease in which plaque builds up inside of the arteries. Arteries are blood vessels that carry oxygenated blood to the heart and other parts of the body. The plaque that forms can be made up from fat, cholesterol, calcium, and other substances found in the blood, which is dependent on their diet. Over time the plaque will cause the arteries to harden which they will lose their elastic function. If this happens it will limit blood flow of oxygen to the organs and other areas of the body. Atherosclerosis can lead to other serious medical problems such as heart attack, stroke, and eventually cause death. When atherosclerosis effects the arteries of the
Consequently, the country faces great losses both economically and in productivity. In terms of Disability-adjusted life years, 28.6 million DALYs were lost to CVD in India as early as 1990. Looking forward, India suffers the highest potential loss in productive years of life because of deaths of people 35-64 years old from CVD. While there was a loss of 9.2 million years in 2000, this loss is projected to increase to 17.9 million years in 2030, which is 940% greater than the parallel loss in the USA. This is a 95% increase in number of years of productive life lost to CVD in India compared to only 20% in the US. From a monetary standpoint, in 2005 alone, the WHO estimated that the loss of national income due to heart disease, stroke and diabetes (both risk factors for, and types of, CVD) was $9 billion for India. This is projected to incr...
Over two thirds of deaths in each year among estimated yearly deaths are due to non-communicable diseases such as cardiovascular disease, hypertension, diabetics, cancer and upper res...