According to philosophers in East Asia, proper order is analogous to politics. Politics is power - and in order to have power one must understand how to best use it as a benefit to society while not becoming selfish or corrupt. Following the logic of proper order, which is already prevalent in many East Asian countries and their governments, is the first step to an efficiency in the government and cooperation between society and the state. According to the Confucian philosophy proper order is a theory and a practice that work together to create a necessary framework for co-participation between government and local institutions to help promote social, political, and economic cooperation in all areas that work to benefit all involved (Lecture, …show more content…
Necessary levels for a properly running bureaucracy include balance, benevolent hierarchy, and a maximization of merit. Balance is needed for actions such as the bureaucracy enforcing taxation and collecting taxes. While the central government should remain effectively small, they do need to be sufficiently sized in order to remain effective. A benevolent hierarchy is necessary in order to help balance the costs and benefits of being ruled because a benevolent hierarchy is about serving and charity, therefore they should strive to be not too costly to maintain because then they may fall apart or lose the respect of the people, but cost efficient enough that if the people were to rebel agains government, the government would be strong enough to sustain. The balance of these two things is tough to balance, but in this case it is a moral exchange between the two entities having respect for the other. A maximization of merit may be the ultimate requirement for bureaucracy in order for them to have respect of the people. Maximizing merit refers to one acquiring power within the government based on actual achievements and the work and dedication of the individual rather than blood or money buying them the position. One way in which merit is maximized is through the civil service and the examinations the recruited must pass. This ensures there is no buying of offices and while there is competition amongst each other to do well on the test, one must still earn their own merit or job. The exams are challenging because one is tested on a variety of subjects including arithmetic, physics Confucian teachings, and philosophy, but this is to ensure that the people who run the empire are well qualified and dedicated to maintaining the integrity of the position and office. Another way proper order tries to maximize merit
The phrase “the way” means a method by which one can achieve a goal, but is ambiguous and insignificant without proper context. In warring states, China “The Way” or the “Dao” became extremely popular as a philosophy of governance as rulers began struggling to maintain order and peace within their respective states. In this paper, I will analyze different interpretations of the “Way”. As products of subjective human thought, these “Ways” incited debate between philosophers and rulers as to who’s “Way” was correct. This created what I would call a trail of influence, wherein, the early Chinese thinkers I evaluate formulate their own thoughts but are also influenced by the thoughts of those that preceded them.
Modern Bureaucracy in the United States serves to administer, gather information, conduct investigations, regulate, and license. Once set up, a bureaucracy is inherently conservative. The reason the bureaucracy was initiated may not continue to exist as a need in the future. The need or reason may change with a change in the times and the culture needs. A bureaucracy tends to make decisions that protect it and further it’s own existence, possibly apart from the wishes of the populace. It may not consistently reflect what might be optimal in terms of the needs and wants of the people. Local governments employ most of the United States civil servants. The 14 cabinet departments in the U.S. are run day-to-day by career civil servants, which have a great deal of discretionary authority.
The rulers should not burden everything alone and their family should help them. this indicates that in past rulers had difficulties facing problems alone and the advice for later on rulers is to have their family help them. For the sake of country, emperor should listen to advices of high officials and does not have a direct link to information. The king in Tang was obligated to listen and could not do anything he wishes. It means, previous kings might have done as they pleased and it affected the country badly. Later source tells us demanded characteristics of an emperor; generous, majestic, disciplined and thoughtful. The emperor is not someone that will only rule, he is expected to be a father of the country. Rather than a dictator, the demanded emperor is wise and kind man. He is also expected to be wise enough to choose right person for its task. The clever idea of helping emperor to rule the country was successful during Zhou dynasty. “Formerly when the Zhou dynasty was at its height, the empire was divided among the royal clan. Nearby there was Jin and Zheng to help; far off there was Lu and Wei”. This strategy was helpful one and we can conclude that government depended on royal family alone. Although, emperor had to listen to his advisers, the royal family was the only rulers. Nevertheless, since humans are greedy if you
Order and freedom are both necessary and beneficial towards the citizens and society with the aim to promote harmony, yet they both contradict each other. This contradiction has existed throughout many years and it is still hard to decide which one is ideal for the society. This essay will discuss and analyze if order or freedom is more important for political systems.
Though the bureaucracy began simply, with George Washington’s creation of the Department of Foreign Affairs, over the last 226 years, its size and power have increased exponentially. From homeland security to the delivery of mail, this “fourth branch of government” possesses a wide scope of responsibilities. However, the necessity for such a structure often comes into question. According to Max Weber, who believed that “the bureaucracy was likely to acquire an ‘overpowering’ power position, the bureaucracy is an “inevitable consequence” of modern day life (“The Rise of the Bureaucratic State”, Wilson). A specialized bureaucracy provides valuable expertise, an asset which the Founders did not take for granted, as they had suffered a committee
Confucianism and democracy are two very complex concepts and the relation between them is a subject many scholars have discussed. In this essay, it will be shown what kind of relationship is more appropriate between these two ideas. It will be divided in two parts: the first part will take a look at the compatibility question of Confucianism and democracy and I will attempt to show how these two ideas are not contradictory and how Confucianism actually helps strengthen the concept of democracy. In the second part, I will discuss how such a relationship can work in practice by addressing the different institutional proposals of a democracy with Confucian characteristics to try and figure out which proposal is the most appropriate and why.
...the individuals in the bureaucracy have one specialised field which they focus on which allows for efficiency. Specialisation links into the concept of division of labor, in which a task is broken down into different pieces and individuals work on a specific part. The final part of bureaucracy identified by Weber was that of a standard operating procedure. This focusses on the system in which everyone follows the same procedure to allow proceedings to run smoothly and predictably.
This essay will discuss the mainstream and critical perspectives of bureaucracy and post-bureaucracy. It will begin by examining the characteristics of bureaucracy and then compare the mainstream and the critical views. Post-bureaucracy will then be discussed using the same structure.
To discuss the how, what, and why of proper order, one must first look to proper order’s components. Proper order has two components, or rather exists on two levels: the government (what is essentially the state) and institutions on the local level (one’s city, family, among other things) (Magagna, Oct. 18). While proper order has multiple dimensions, this paper will work to explain three of its dimensions: the what, the why, and the how.
The simplicity of the connection is highlighted when Confucius reveals that “Simply by being a good son and friendly to his brothers a man can exert an influence upon government. In doing so a man is in fact taking part in government. How can there be any question of his having actively to ‘take part in government’” (Confucius, 66). The implication of Confucius’ statement is the belief that a chain of everyone working to fulfill their filial duties coupled with overall amiability towards each other is, in fact, all that the average citizen can do to play a part in government. Building off the previous basis that filial piety is the most principal factor in a harmonious society, Confucius evolves his argument through conveying that by mastering his daunting standard of filial piety, the citizen has satisfied his role in creating a harmonious society. The evident logic behind Confucian reasoning is the underlying principle that the ideal citizen should be able to adhere to the will of someone else of greater significance without being told to. When Confucius states that the way to know if one is a good son is to observe how he carries his father 's will once he has passed earlier, the same principle of self judgement is present in both how the average citizen can participate in government through seeing his
Weber’s uses his theory of Bureaucracy to point out that it is what society is becoming and how it creates social older in society. This theory is
Grievance and arbitration processes are very effective. Even a non-union employee has substantial rights under the LMRA. Under the LMRA, a non-union employee can participate in workers activities such as strikes and picketing, join a union or bargain collectively through representative of their own choosing. Further, under the Labor-Management Relations Act, an employee can bargain with employers, distribute union literature, and not be discriminated against for union-related activities. Employees are protected by the Labor-Management Relations Act against eves dropping on employee's union activities.
According to Sapru R.K. (2008) p370-371 the traditional ideal of public administration which inclined to be firm and bureaucratic was based on processes instead of outcomes and on setting procedures to follow instead of focusing on results. This paradigm can be regarded as an administration under formal control of the political control, constructed on a firmly ranked model of bureaucracy, run by permanent and neutral public servants, driven only by public concern. In emerging nations the administration was true bureaucracy meaning government by officers. In this perspective Smith (1996) p235-6 perceived that“the bureaucracy controls and manages the means of production through the government. It increases chances for bureaucratic careers by the creation of public figures,demanding public managers, marketing boards.
From covering Japan’s perilous imperial rule to analyzing Korea’s ambivalent adoption of democratic governance, Modern East Asia explored a broad range of subjects important for one who aspires to understand Asia holistically. Much time was even spent examining China’s horrid history at the hands of foreign meddling, giving insight into a nation feared as the future #1 economic power of the world. Although we covered a broad range of topics, each was given particular attention, never skipping major events or characters which shaped Asia’s history over the last several hundred years. Essentially, this class provided an open atmosphere for students to learn the intricate history of major Asian countries in addition to sharing ideas on the effectiveness of their pre-modern governance.
Bureaucracy is an organizational design based on the concept of standardization. “It is characterized by highly routine operating tasks achieved through specialization, very formalized rules and regulations, tasks that are grouped into functional departments, centralized authority, narrow spans of control, and decision making that follows the chain of command” (Judge & Robbins, 2007, p.