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Major psychological perspectives
The different psychological perspectives
Critical evaluation of psychodynamic therapy
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Alternatives to CBT Part-2 Reality Therapy William Glasser developed this therapy in the 1960’s. Reality therapy maintains that an individual deviates from the norm when they are unsuccessful in attaining the basic human needs. According to Glasser, individuals do not suffer from mental illness rather they suffer from universal human condition. Reality therapy is based on three R’s: Realism, responsibility, and right - wrong. This type of therapy does not deal with the client’s past or their unconscious mental processes. Reality therapy focuses on the here-and-now and enables the client to solve problems and take control of their lives. Contrary to its name, this therapy does …show more content…
The duration of the therapy is brief and can last anywhere between 6 – 12 sessions. In this form of collaborative therapy, goals are clearly identified and realistically conceptualised. Client’s strengths, resources, and past experience of any success in the perceived problem area are explored. Existing coping strategies are evaluated and new coping strategies are taught. Hope and positivity is re-instilled and progress towards goals is monitored and supported throughout the brief course of the therapy. Brief Psychodynamic Therapy This approach to therapy enables the client to retrospect and see the influence of their past experiences on present behaviour. Thus, the focus is on increasing the clients understanding of unconscious processes and on enhancing self-awareness. The therapeutic relationship facilitates the client to explore unresolved conflicts and examine dysfunctional patterns in their relationships. The psychodynamic theory is well-developed and a large body of clinical research has supported the efficacy of this approach to therapy. Brief psychodynamic therapy usually involves 10-20 sessions. Existential
Leichsenring, F., & Leibing, E. (2003). The effectiveness of psychodynamic therapy and cognitive behavior therapy in the treatment of personality disorders: a meta-analysis. American Journal Of Psychiatry, 160(7), 1223--1232.
While CBT has many advantages, it alone does not encompass all of the concepts I believe are necessary to tackle a client’s needs. Therefore, I draw upon concepts from various theories to assist clients in achieving their goals. Pulling from Reality therapy, a key concept I utilize is focusing on what the client is doing and how to get them to evaluate whether they’re present actions are working for them. CBT does use some form of this in the sense that one must examine and establish their cognitive misconceptions; however, I prefer to extract this concept from Reality therapy because CBT tends to do so by focusing on the past. I am a firm believer that while the past can shape who you are, it does little good to remain focused on it. Focusing on overt behavior, precision in specifying the goals of treatment, development of specific treatment plans, and objective evaluation of therapy outcomes all come from Behavior therapy (Corey, 2013, p. 474). Behavior therapy is highly structured much like that of CBT. By utilizing this aspect of Behavior therapy, I am better able to closely observe where a client is currently and where they are headed. Lastly, I pull from Person-Centered therapy as the final key concept of my counseling approach. PCT focuses on the fact that client’s have the potential to become aware of their problems and resolve them (Corey, 2013). This Person-Centered therapy concept has overlap with CBT as
The Psychodynamic Theory has not proven itself to be very effective. It helps people more when it is paired with other approaches, and is now the starting point, or basis, in other types of therapy (Comer, 2011).
According to Glasser (1965), “reality therapy is a treatment based on changing negative behavior, habits and relationships by focusing on the present or current situations.” An essential aspect of Reality Therapy focuses on the five needs of survival, love and belonging, achievement and power, independence and freedom, and fun, being essential for individuals to ascend through life and establish relationships (Content Guide 5, n.d.). The various techniques utilized during Reality Therapy include: exploring behavior as a focus of change, focusing on the present situation, the adolescent assumes responsibility, a friendly relationship exists between the therapist and patient, the therapist is patient with the individual, the individual considers their ability to change, and lastly the therapist takes into consideration specific factors that are in control of the individual (Content Guide 5, n.d.). In the video, we see the Dr. McFarland create a both friendly and comfortable environment where Adrianne is able to express her opinions and thoughts of her present situation with her parents. Dr. McFarland is also patient with Adrianne, and this is one of the strengths of Reality Therapy, since the way the questions are presented to Adrianne, for example “what are the things your parents need to see from you”, this allows Adrianne to take responsibility and focus on the present situation. One limitation/weakness
Beck, A. (1978). Cognitive therapy of depression (The Guildford Clinical Psychology and psychopathology series). New York, N.Y : Guildford Press.
Murdock (2013) identifies that psychoanalytic therapy is designed for long-term counseling. Freud often recommended a two-week trial period to ensure that a client is suitable for analysis (Murdock, 2013). Ana’s insurance has approved 8 sessions, which does not allow this theory to fully be supported.
“The goal of reality therapy is to help clients get reconnected with the people they have chosen to include in their quality worlds and to teach clients choice theory” (Corey, 2013, p. 183). Letting clients understand that they have a choice in their lives will help them gain control. Furthermore, “the goal of existential therapy is to challenge clients to recognize and accept the freedom they have to become the authors of their own lives” (Corey, 2013, p. 74). As individuals, we have to face different aspects of life such as isolation, freedom, and responsibility. Helping a client through their struggles and acknowledge these life struggles may help guide the client to a positive point in their lives.
Psychodynamic therapy, focuses on unconscious mind and how past experiences, inner thoughts, fears, and emotions The main goal of psychodynamic therapy is for clients to be self-aware of the past and how it effects who they are in the present. This type of therapy focuses on the underlying problems and emotions that influenced the client’s behavior. (Psych Central, 2016)
165). The therapeutic method involves the therapist interacting with the client and inspiring the client’s development “by listening, guiding, instructing, and requiring” (Jones & Butman, 2011, p. 311). In ET, the counseling process is tailored to assist the client in developing through the awareness of knowledge that they are the ones that make the choices and decisions in their life about the direction their life will take. Instead of utilizing a mental illness model, the effectiveness is built on a real, authentic relationship that encourages prosperity and development in the client. The therapist and the client have a relationship, the therapist is a mentor to assist the client in the art of living a full
Group therapy is considered one of the most resourceful forms of therapy. The benefits to group therapy can be both cost-effective and a great means of support (Corey, Corey & Corey, 2014). The process of experiencing ideas and viewpoints expressed by your peers allows group members to become more susceptible to the counseling procedure. Group counseling also helps individuals to feel a sense of belonging due to similar situations and experiences shared by the group. The sense of support from group members can be an excellent means towards developing long-lasting relationships and developing communication skills needed to move forward during the counseling phase. In this paper, I will discuss my experiences throughout the group-counseling phase.
Using the above techniques, a psychodynamic therapist helps a patient discover what motivates and the reason why certain behaviour/s occur (McLeod, S. A. (2007). In recent years, this approach to psychotherapy has been seen as antiquated. Often thought of as being a redundant approach to therapy. In a recent study however, it has been shown that the psychoanalytic approach still has it relevance today with positive enduring effects. In some cases it has proven even more effective than cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) (Gordon, 2010).
Reality therapy is a practical therapeutic method developed by Dr. William Glasser, which focuses on here and now rather the past, problem-solving rather than the issue at hand, and making better choices with specific goals established. Reality therapy is a time-limited, no-nonsense approach that Glasser developed and taught as a method of counseling which is based on choice theory, which states: “all we do is behave, almost all behavior is chosen, and we are driven by five basic needs” (William Glasser Institute, 2010).
Although individuals may be products of their past, it is important not to become victims of their past, unless they choose to be. Reality therapy emphasizes teaching clients to focus on making responsible choices through evaluation of their behaviors, which will result in them receiving what they need and want, planning allows the client to implement specific procedures that lead to change. Reality therapists also know the importance of positive, satisfying client-therapist relationships. It is key that the therapist be caring, somewhat confrontational, but not to critical of their clients. One of the concepts of the therapy is the belief that human beings are capable of making their own choices and are thus able to make positive, better choices in life (Howett, 2001).
Reality/Choice Therapy Reality therapy is an intra-personal assessment procedure developed by William Glasser. Unlike other therapy procedures that usually rely on past events, reality therapy focuses on the present issue to solve problems by making more specific goals. Notably, according to the theory, therapists believe that mental distress emanates from the lack of basic psychological needs. Basic psychological needs include freedom and independence, enjoyment and pleasure, sense of belonging and love as well as physical nourishment.
Najavits, L., &Strupp, H. (1994). Differences in the Effectiveness of Psychodynamic Therapists: A process-outcome study. Psychotherapy, 31, 114-123.