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To what extent was Louis XVI responsible for the revolution
To what extent was Louis XVI responsible for the revolution
Louis XVI and the French Revolution
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Bourbon Reform & How It Affected the Independence Movement
Introduction
Historians refer to the period 1759-1763 as the Bourbon Latin America, due to the praised reform activities that took place during this period. These reforms were developed and facilitated by enlightened government leaders and reformers like Jose Patino and Princes of the House of Bourbon. The importance of these reforms has made the earlier periods of Bourbon Latin America and the later periods of Habsburgs rule to be used together. Historical studies in this topic majorly base their interests on the first Bourbons that were slightly involved in the Spanish Succession War that took place in 1702 to1713. Habsburgs’ regime had devastated Spain as a result of the high number of wars and defeats the empire had realized both internally and externally. This country had faced bankruptcy; Spain soldiers even became weak in wars and escaped from the battles. Spain suffered in America from colonization of the English, the Dutch and the French. This enlightenment era and its effects came to be realized in the eve of Spain’s independence from its colonizers. The Bourbons were inspired to create a New Spain using mercantilist policies that were employed by regimes in the early modern world to revive their economies.
Bourbon Reforms
Filipe V succeeded in this Succession War, which allowed the Bourbon Monarchy to initiate reforms in effort to centralize Spain’s government; reform country’s financial systems; reinstate and reinforce the country’s military forces. The House of Bourbons had three princes, Filipe V (1700-1746), Ferdinand VI (1746-1759) and Charles III (1759-1788) that worked together to facilitate these reforms that modernized Spain completely. These reforms e...
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...restructure their laws and traditions. The whole country became enlightened by spreading around French related materials that influenced other Spanish nationals in the country. Spain began also developing commercial relations with the French that later improved the colonial economical activities that had been initiated earlier through Bourbon’s reforms.
Summary and Conclusion
Bourbons’ monarchy and their reforms agenda greatly transformed the Spanish empire that had been formerly ruined by the Habsburgs’ regime. The country’s structural changes effected imposed increased tensions to the colonies since most of these reforms were targeted at eliminating colonial organizations that had dominated significant positions of the country. These reforms were later reinforced by the ideas borrowed from the French revolution that strengthened the Spain’s independence efforts.
Investigating the Effect to Which the Factions Were in Control of Henrican Government Between 1540 and 1547
Other events during the inoculation stage of the revolutions included Napoleon invading Spain and the French maltreatment of other human beings. The Haitian revolution was due to the French ruling by threats and violence. For example, if slaves in Haiti ran away, their limbs could be cut off. In contrast, the Gran Colombian revolution was caused by Napoleon invading Spain, which led to feelings of independence in Latin America. Revolutionary ideas spread in both the Spanish and French
One question posed by the authors is “How did Columbus’s relationship with the Spanish crown change over time, and why?” In simple terms, Columbus’s relationship with the
For four hundred years Spain ruled over an immense and profitable global empire that included islands in the Caribbean, Americas, Puerto Rico, and Cuba. After the Napoleonic Wars (1808-1815) many of Spain’s colonies followed the US’s lead, fighting and winning their independence. These revolts, coupled with other nations chipping away at Spain’s interests, dwindled Spain’s former Empire. By 1860, only Cuba and Puerto Rico were what remained of Spain’s former Empire. Following the lead of other former Spanish colonies, Cuban fighters started their campaign for independence, known as the Ten year war (1868-1878). This war developed into a Cuban insurgency which fought a guerilla war against the Spanish occupation.2
Bolivar illustrates the relationship between the Spanish American colonies and Spain. The relationship could be described as bitter, at least in the eyes of the Spanish colonies. Inferiority led the Spanish colonies to the ideas of revolution. Although their rights come from the Europeans, they do not acknowledge themselves as Europeans or Indians. The people of the Spanish colonies claim to be, according to Bolivar, “[…] a species midway between the legitimate proprietors of [America] and the Spanish usurper” (411). “Usurpers” meaning a position that is held by forces which entails an unwanted or uninvited relationship. It is because of the Europeans, as stated by Bolivar, that “we have to assert [European] rights against the rights of the natives, and at the same time we must defend ourselves against invaders [which] places us in a most extraordinary and involved situation” (411). This is also evidence of a bitter rela...
New monarchs paved the way for a more profitable future for the most powerful countries in Europe. Fledgling countries such as Spain, France, and England, profited from their new monarchs, ultimately becoming the powerful world powers they are today. The key components of a new monarch include limiting the nobles' power, increasing economic prosperity, uniting their nation, and stabilizing their army. The monarchs Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain, King Louis XI of France, and King Henry VII of England, are prime examples of new monarchs. New monarchs strengthened their nations considerably, in more ways than one.
The American Revolution (1775-1783) was a war between England and the colonies which were settled earlier by the English. There were many factors and events that led to the American Revolution. The Revolution was mainly an economic rebellion that was fueled by taxation without representation following the French and Indian War. The English Parliament was more often than not considered cruel and unfair by the colonists. With conflicts over trade, taxes and government representation, the colonies were at a starting line of a revolution that would later transform into the basis of the United States of America.
By 1791 their had been a constitutional monarchy with the revolutions mission complete, now major changes would have to be made to ensure that the country benefited from this change, but this would be hard, the church had already been abolished and its funds taken to resolve the spiralling debt problems. A lot of groups had been set up to fight the revolutionary committee including the Monarchiens and the Noirs. The main opposition came from ...
that contributed to the rise and fall of the French Monarchy. The ideas of the
Louis XIII and Richelieu were both ambitious for France and fearful for her position within Europe with powerful forces sharing large borders with her. These borders were dominated by the Habsburgs, the family who ruled the Holy Roman Empire and the Spanish Throne. Habsburg is the name of the family which sprang the Dukes and archdukes of Austria after 1282. They became kings of Hungary and Bohemia after 1526, and emperors of Austria after 1804. They were Holy Roman Emperors from 1430 to 1806 and kings of Spain from 1516 to 1700, and held many other titles. In the time of Louis XIII and cardinal Richelieu Ferdinand II (1578-1637) and Ferdinand III(1608-1657) as holy Roman emperor and Philip IX(1605-1665) in Spain. Louis XIII was from the Valois-Bourbon linage in France who had been rivals of the Habsburgs for generations. (EN Brit Vol 11 p 59)
Smitha, Frank E. “Rebellion against Spain in Latin America.” Macrohistory and World Report. Frank E. Smitha, 2011. Web. 13 Feb. 2012. .
During the Napoleonic reign, the biggest reform appeared to be the loss of hereditary rights of the upper class citizens. Before Napoleon became a king, a lot of jobs were inherited. The purchase of the offices was rather common and skills were not required. Revolution believed in equality. Napoleon established that equality by granting everyone equal right to attempt the job. Now the positions were given out based on merit only. This change created fairness and limited the rights of the nobles at the same time. France was not the only country that felt the influence of the Napoleonic reform. Italian and German aristocrats were overthrown as well, and the weakening of the Spanish nobility even led to the revolt.
In order to understand the effects of the Spanish Civil War, the atmosphere of Spain prior to 1936 needs to be understood as well. Spain, unlike major European powers, never experienced a bourgeois revolution and was therefore still dominated by a significant aristocracy. However, Spain had gone through several civil wars and revolutions making violence one of the most common devices for change. It, also, had undergone several cycles of reform, reaction from the opposition, and reversal by military uprising led by a dictator before 1936 (Preston 18).
In the book, “Born in Blood and Fire: A Concise History of Latin America”, author John Charles Chasten states of how, “Bourbon reforms were intended to rationalize and modernize the governance of overseas dominions by making them act more like colonies.” (Page 82) Basically, the Bourbon reforms came about when royal administration in Spain and Portugal intended to fix their control over the new world possessions and concentrate more revenues from them. This new mentality was related with the Bourbon administration that now governed Spain and with an especially capable royal minister in Portugal, the Marquis de Pombal, thus, the change is known as the Bourbon reforms or Pombaline reforms, respectively. The Bourbon reforms principle concern
This book investigates the social and political backgrounds of Spain before and during the civil war. This book is valuable because it was written almost immediately after the war, which allows for the book to more accurately represents the ideas of the time. However, this book is limited by the fact that Brenan writes somewhat condescendingly about the Spanish people, mainly those of the lower class.