All disaster and crisis events are exceptionally dynamic, creating a physical, emotional, mental, and social disorder. In particular, terrorist attacks have risen in both frequency and visibility as a worldwide phenomenon (Schwarz et al., p.85, 2016). Due to the pervasive nature, the effects of terrorism have impacted on all of humankind. Generally, terror attacks require different communication approaches than natural disasters such as a hurricane or an earthquake because they elicit intense public reactions and may overwhelm local response capabilities. In such emergencies, communication is very critical in all phases of disaster management. Effective communication includes an array of measures to manage risks to both the community and the …show more content…
In the minutes and hours following the bombing, communication was vital to ensuring all of the challenges and elusive tasks faced by authorities and the communities were met. While there were challenges with ensuring effective communication during the disaster, there was also an importance of social media such as Twitter as a method of policing tool. Despite the fact that communication played an important role on disaster response, there should have been more focus on the city’s disaster preparedness prior to the Boston Marathon bombing. To further illustrate this, there was failure of existing communication infrastructure and misinformation being spread through traditional media …show more content…
Since wireless towers are not designed to handle an immense amount of call and texting volume, call blocking can occur when there are too many phone calls made within a certain geographic location. However, cellular carriers have been working on expanding additional technology such as routing overflow call handling to nearby Wi-Fi networks (Farrell, 2013). As well, there has been advancement in the setting of mass-casualty incidents, with the advent of computer miniaturization. For instance, investigators have been working on local area networks to improve geoposition tracking in which ambulances can have a better access to wireless communication devices to the Internet to transmit and relay clinical data for emergency disasters (Chan et al., p.1230, 2004). During these situations, it is recommended altogether to use texting or e-mail when contacting loved ones in the affected area as messages can be queued up and delivered as the capacity becomes more available (Stone, 2013). While there are suggestions of adding radios and towers to amplify connections between the networks, a vast majority of that extra capacity would be wasted which can entail great expense and cause environmental issues (Stone, 2013). Unfortunately, the tradeoff between cost and capacity in today’s networks are not properly designed to provide enough capacity during
The United States, land of the free and the home of the brave, has been through many historical shootings and bombings, Events like the Boston Marathon bombing is a great example of a horrific event that happened to the American soil. The Boston Marathon bombing was a terrorist attack that killed 3 innocent civilians and estimated an amount of 264 other innocent civilians were injured. The Boston Marathon occurred on Patriot's Day, the third Monday of April. The Boston Marathon is an annual marathon hosted by several cities in greater Boston in eastern Massachusetts, United States(Wikipedia). The Marathon is always held on Patriots’ Day. Also, it is the world’s oldest annual marathon. Amateur and professional runners from all around the world,
The Tsarnaev brothers carry backpacks to two locations near the finish line on Boylston Street. Tamerlan, the older brother, placed his bomb near the finish line at 2:42 p.m. just seven minutes before the first blast. He placed the backpack so the lid of the pressure cooker faced the crowd to cause the most damage (Nova, 2013). Just four minutes before the first blast, the younger brother, Dzhokhar positioned his device near the Forum restaurant. At 2:50 p.m. the cheers turn to terror as the first blast rocked the crowd near the finish line and 10 seconds later, another blast only a block away in front of the Forum restaurant, devastated this annual event just four hours and ten minutes after the race began (Barrett, Shallwani, & Perez, 2013). After that blast, the injured are everywhere. Eight year old Martin Richard, 29 year old Krystle Campbell and 23 year old Lu Lingzi lost their lives that day, 14 others lost limbs. A total of 264 people were injured from the explosions (Bodden, 2014, p. 21). As the chaos was going on the Tsarnaev brothers calmly, but quickly, leave the scene. They had completed their dirty deed and probably thought they would get away with it.
A day that was supposed to be happy turned in seconds. People were injured or killed. Family members were devastated. The Boston Marathon was supposed to be a fun and exciting day for people watching and for the runners. We shouldn’t take every moment for granted, because you never know when it might be your last day or what we might consider "normal." April 15th 2013, will always be a day remembered in history.
Due to the horrendous events of terrorist attacks that have taken place over the last ten or so years, emergency management now, not only prepares and trains for natural events, but includes planning for terrorist/weapons of mass destruction events in greater detail. New responsibilities are being placed on emergency management managers and responders. More communities, states, local governments and businesses are seeking assistance in planning for terrorist attacks.
The Boston Marathon bombings happened on April 15, 2013 when two bombs exploded at 2:49 pm near the finish line of the Boston Marathon. The bombers were brothers, Tamerlan & Dzhokhar Tsarnaev, who moved to the United States after the father applied for political asylum. The younger Tsarnaev brother said the attacked the Boston Marathon in retaliation for U.S. wars in Muslim countries. The Boston Marathon Bombing Trial is important to American society because it changed the way we looked at acts of terrorism legally, showed that people must effectively pay for their actions, and that we must never let our guard down.
Model the Way, Inspire a Shared Vision, Challenge the Process, Enable Others to Act, and Encourage the Heart are all relatable to the case study of the Boston Marathon Bombing. Model the Way relates to the Boston Marathon Bombing due to the fact that leaders stepped up during the attacks to clarify the American values and set the example of how to overcome the bombings as one unit. Inspire a Shared vision comes into play with envisioning the future and enlisting others. This happened within the Boston Marathon Bombing within many different aspects. An example is within hospitals who inspired the shared vision of helping the bomb victims. Hospitals even kept operating rooms open for bomb victims specifically. Challenging the process involves searching for opportunities and taking risks. This concept was shown in the Boston Marathon Bombing when hospital workers, policemen, firemen, and many different people searched for opportunities to save people and took the risks needed to save as many people as possible. Enabling Others to Act was shown during the Boston Marathon Bombing as America came together as one unit to foster collaboration and strengthen one another in light of the horrible act that had occurred. The Boston Marathon Bombing demonstrated encouraging the heart through recognizing the contributions of everyone who took the steps necessary to apprehend the bombers and assist the
April 15, 2013 tragedy occurred during a prolific event in Boston Massachusetts where a bomb went off in the middle of a marathon killing three people and seriously injuring one hundred and seventy people. Dzhokhar Tsarnaev and his brother Tamerlan Tsarnaev were announced suspects of the Boston marathon bombing by FBI after watching footage of the bombing before and after the incident happened. That same evening a campus police officer at MIT was shot and killed and the Tsarnaev brothers were announced suspects for the incident of that police officers death as well. April 19, 2013 the Tsarnaev brothers had stolen a car and fled the city but were pursued by police which led to a gunfight in Watertown Massachusetts. The high speed police chase led to the death of Tamerlan Tsarnaev and the arrest of his brother Dzhokhar
When one hears the words National Security and Privacy together the terms Snowden, NSA, and Patriot Act are often at the forefront of any discussions. It has become common knowledge that the way the United States deals with national security has changed. Since the implication of the Patriot Act in 2001, the way that the United States has dealt with security and antiterrorism issues has created a never ending fight with civil liberty groups regarding such laws being constitutional or not. Those civil liberty groups argue that such laws infringe upon the fourth amendment, imposing unwarranted searches on civilians who have shown no probable cause to endure such invasion. But the question remains: what is considered probable cause? While
Local, State and Federal government have unique roles which would allow the flow of communication and resources to transition smoothly during each stage of progression. The local and state level (first responders) are the most important source as they can assess, coordinate and notify the next available resources of what is needed. State and local governments are the front runners of planning for and managing the consequences of a terrorist incident using available resources in the critical hours before Federal assistance can arrive (Managing the Emergency Consequences of Terrorist Incidents, July 2002). A Terrorist Incident Appendix (TIA) was designed to mirror an Emergency Operations Plan in relations to terrorist incidents. The TIA consists of six phases: Initiation, Concept Development, Plan Development, Plan Review Development of supporting plans, procedures and materials and Validation of plans using tabletop, functional, and full scale exercises. The TIA should be compared to those plans of existing Emergency Operation Plans (EOP) in place at the local and state level. Comparing plans before and incident allows time for comparison and revision of the various functions which will prevent disconnects to ensure coordination and
Communities must come together in order to be aware of the steps that must be taken to reduce or prevent risk. “The guidance, programs, processes, and systems that support each component of the National Preparedness System enable a collaborative, whole community approach to national preparedness that engages individuals, families, communities, private and nonprofit sectors, faith based organizations and all levels of government.” (FEMA, 2011). Resources within a community are prioritized and customized based on community-based issues and local security programs. The resources used as the front line of defense are first responders, such as police officers, firefighters and medical personnel. The resources are provided and prioritized based on the priority of threat and risks to a specific community. Therefore, the threats and risks targeted towards a community must be analyzed and acknowledged in order to apply the correct resources to the opposing prioritized threats. Disasters and emergencies typically begin at the local level and eventually require resources from state and federal
Predicting social impacts can allow emergency managers to create strategies that can help protect groups facing social vulnerabilities and reduce the degree of the social impact caused by a disaster. Social vulnerability refers to the groups that are at the highest risk within a community during a disaster, these groups will need special assistance in order to effectively prepare, respond, and recover from a disaster (Lindell, Prater, & Perry, 2006). Therefore, it is important that emergency managers take social vulnerabilities into consideration when they develop the different phases of their Emergency Operations Plan (EOP) in order to minimize the casualty toll, property damage, and prevent or reduce the degree of the social impact, which could have long term negative consequences for the community.
Ulmer, RR, Sellnow, TL & Seeger, MW 2007, Effective crisis communication, Thousand Oakes: Sage Publications.
Effective communication in its various forms is the substratum of crisis management. Internal and external communication is essential during times of crisis if a successful outcome is to prevail. In a crisis, people’s lives are often at risk, these are lives that can be lost or protected; however, their fate lies in the hands of information. A breakdown in communication during times of crisis will interfere in dispensing pertinent and time sensitive information to the target audience, thus placing them at a gross disadvantage in protecting their health. During a crisis, it can be extremely costly to falter in delivering accurate, detailed, and informative information.
Usually, the sequences of men meant that the final wrap of the penis was waiting for the vagina waiting. Now, with two advanced technologies (sexting, video phones, etc.), two people should no longer be in the same room to engage in sexual couples. But that does not mean that everything has changed; Long-distance sex does not mean that penis care is still important and this does not mean that man has nothing to consider because he engages in pleasurable activities that take place in two rooms, states, and same countries, Contemporary men may want to remember the following sex tips, including sex, video chat and others who participate in the sexual activity of the 21st century. Words can speak louder than actions. When a person engages in sex with another person who is not in the same physical place, his or her words may have more impact and significance than ever before.
Educating the public and getting them to take preparatory actions to better protect themselves in the face of natural hazards has led to extensive study of risk communication by social scientists and disaster researchers over the past half-century (Quarantelli, 1991). Lindell et al (2006) describe the reason for risk communication as “to initiate and direct protective action” relative to a hazardous threat (Lindell et al, 2006, p. 84). Better understanding of why people take protective actions has led to better risk communication directed at preparedness measures. Research has identified key ingredients regarding the effectiveness of risk communication messages as well as conditions conducive to adoption of improved preparedness practices.