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Introduction
This paper will review Hase, S., & Kenyon, C. journal “From andragogy to heutagogy.” They discussed Knowles (1970) suggestion an important change in the way in which educational experiences for adults should be designed. They demonstrated the difference between the notion of andragogy and heutagogy. Furthermore the transformation from the theory of pedagogy to andragogy and now towards truly self-determined learning called heutagogy. This paper will exemplify the many benefits of both andragogy and heutagogy.
Overview of Heutagogy
With our society on the fast track with technology in this twenty – first century, it is only fitting that we have incorporated heutagogy learning in higher education. Knowles pedagogy theory is design to teach kids and young adults in a formal educational setting. Andragogy theory is generally used in adult learning. This theory identifies adults as being more self directed with little supervision from
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Hase, S., & Kenyon, C. (2000, pg 2) suggests that we should now be looking at an educational approach where it is the learner himself who determines what and how learning should take place. This form of learning is called heutagogy. Heutagogical “the study of self-determined learning,” (pg 2) this “approach recognizes the need to be flexible in the learning where the teacher provides resources but the learner designs the actual course he or she might take by negotiating the learning,” stated by Hase, S., & Kenyon, C. (2000, pg 2, 6). With this form of learning adults are accountable for their own learning with a little bit of assistance from a facilitator or instructor. Adults can utilizes not only the aptitude to be self-directed but also their competence to incorporate their everyday experiences in to their
Pedagogy is the passive trends from transfer of information from teachers to students, Andragogy is about active information seeking by the learner. Pedagogy assumes that students comes into the classroom with no life experiences to build on. Andragogy assumes that students have prior experiences that they can apply to the learning process. In Pedagogy teaching structure is subject-oriented, In Andragogy learning is less instructed and more relevant, relevance to real life issues are usually more essential using Andragogy as compared to Pedagogy. Pedagogy assumes that students have few internal motivations to learn and must rely on rewards and punishments. Andragogy assumes students have more internal motivations to learn. In Pedagogy students are dependent on teachers, In Andragogy students are more independent and responsible for their own learning. Pedagogy is more authoritarian model and Andragogy is more collaboratively learning model. In summary Pedagogy is more suitable for children in most cases and Andragogy is more suitable for adults in most
Adults are self-motivated. They learn best by building on what they already know and when they are actively engaged (Lindeman, 2010). The approach of adult education revolves around non-vocational ideals and is based on experience rather than subjects (Lindeman, 2010). It helps adults gain knowledge about their powers, capacities, and limitations (Funnell et al, 2012).
In a setting of higher learning, allowing the students to set their own assignments and goals can have an immensely positive impact on the development of pupils. Tompkins described her course, Reading for Yourself, as her most successful approach to teaching, in which she had minimal interaction with the learning process. She even asked at one point, “What would I do next? Not show up at all?” (128). Tompkins’ personal experience allowing the students to dictate their own educational pathway was groundbreaking and an enormous success. I find this academic success in my own work whenever I have the choice to decide the topic on something as simple as an essay, or even to create my own material in a
I believe that teaching and learning is both a science and an art, which requires the implementation of already determined rules. I see learning as the result of internal forces within the person student. I know that children differ in the way they learn and grow but I also know that all children can learn. Students’ increased understanding of their own experience is a legitimate form of knowledge. I will present my students with opportunities to develop the ability to meet personal knowledge.
Knowles collected ideas about a theory of adult education from the end of World War 2, when he was introduced to the term “androgogy”. In 1966, Knowles meet Dusan Savicevic in Boston, U.S.A. Savicevic shared the term androgogy with Knowles and explained how it was used in the European context. .In 1967, Knowles made use of the term “Androgogy” to explain his theory of adult education. Then after consulting Merriam-Webster he converted the spelling of the term androgoy to andragogy and continued to make use of the term to explain his collection of ideas about adult learning. (Sopher 2003).
Brockett, R., & Hiemstra, R. (1991). Self-direction in adult learning. London and New York: Routledge. Retrieved from http://www-distance.syr.edu/sdlindex.html
One theorist that is relevant to this study is Malcolm Knowles’s theory of adult learning. Though Malcom Knowles may not be the first one to introduce adult learning, he was the one that introduced andragogy in North America. (McEwen and Wills 2014). Andragogy means adult learning. The core concept of Knowles’s Adult learning theory is to create a learning environment or awareness for adults to understand why they learn .Knowles developed six main assumptions of adult learners. Those assumptions are the need to know, self- concept, experience, readiness to learn, orientation to learning and motivation. (McEwen and Wills, 2014)
Blaschke, Lisa Marie. Heutagogy and lifelong learning: A review of heutagogical practice and self-determined learning [Web log message].
This paper begins with andragogy as being “the art and science of helping adults learn” (Kowles, 1980, p. 43; Mirrian, Caffarlla, and Baumgartner, 2007, p. 84). Bedi (2004) concluded that “[a]ndragogy facilitates the understanding of student behavior in the teaching relationship, provides a theoretical reason for teaching behavior and is a guiding philosophy for how to manage the learning environment towards an effective outcome” (p. 97); this is the source and resources of power for the teacher and the student. In addition and according to Mirriam, Caffarella, and Baumgartner (2007)—Hiemstra (1993, p. 42) stated, “Power consists of a combination of such external resources. . . as family support, social abilities, and economic abilities. It also includes various internally acquired or accumulated skills and experiences contributing to effective performance, such as resilience, coping skills, and personality” (p. 94). It is within the context of no family support, social abilities, and economic abilities, as a student, I lacked these powers that unchartered my course within educational requirements, thus, became A None-Conducive Situation That Did Not Help My Learning.
A defining condition of being human is that we have to understand the meaning of our experience. For some, any uncritically assimilated explanation by an authority figure will suffice. But in contemporary societies we must learn to make our own interpretations rather than act on the purposes, beliefs, judgments, and feelings of others. Facilitating such understandings is the cardinal goal of adult education. Transformative learning develops autonomous thinking. (Mezirow 1997, p. 5)
Self-directed or independent learning is a strategy which focuses on giving responsibility for students in their own learning. McInerney et al. (2015) state that this strategy is likely well-suited to teach adult learners since adults are autonomous learners. The example of applying this strategy in learning is by giving a project to students that lasts over several days and this is largely unsupervised. This is often employed by university lecturers when they give assignments to their students.
Teaching the adult student is a great and unique responsibility; Andragogy preaches that teaching the adult learner takes a certain skill set and approach in order to be highly effective. The adult teaching theory and approach is based off the characteristics of the adult student. Andragogy views the adult learner as a very highly motivated student, a student ready and prepared to learn, and a student that comes to class with expectations of learning (Knowles 1984, pg12). With such a capable learner in the classroom the teacher must make the necessary adjustments. When teaching the adult learner, the teacher will have respect for their students and respect the fact that each student will have their own individual learning style. The teacher will also allow the adult student to experie...
Within the andragogical model described by Knowles, Holton, and Swanson (2015), adults need learning experiences that are different than those found in the pedagogical model. Instead of waiting for experiences that are directed and controlled by a teacher, adults need to have a clear rationale and understanding for the learning, feel past experiences are valuable, and have a developed internal system for motivation in order to help a learning experience be successful. The connection and orientation to the learning task, the readiness to learn, and self-concept are other important ideas to adult learning.
Professor Ozuah mentioned that Edward C. Lindeman wrote lengthily about this subject of andragogy. Lindeman in 1926 stated that the way adults learned was by attacking the problem and thinking of ways to solve the situation not by what academic subject it fell under. Lindeman also stated that adults get self-gratification by solving a problem and coming up with a way to master the obstacles. (Ozuah) I do agree with both Professor Ozuah and Edward Lindeman. I know I feel better about my approach to teach when I watch my students use their intuition that the height of the building they just calculated with a protractor, straw, and tape measure doesn’t seem