Background Information: The Lincoln Index
The Lincoln Index is a method which is used to estimate and sample the size of closed populations. This method was discovered in by the American ornithologist Frederick C. Lincoln in 1930. The Lincoln Index provides a way to measure, sample and estimate population sizes of individual animal species. It is based on the capture, mark, release and recapture technique. The mark and recapture method involve random sampling of a population of animals and then mark all of the individuals that is captured in a recognizable way but is non-harmful and does not expose them to higher predation levels than non-marked individuals. The marked animals are then released back into the original population and left to mingle with the general population for a suitable period of time to allow complete remixing of the marked individuals with the population. Once they have become thoroughly mixed into the population again, the population is then resampled. There must be enough time allowed to elapse for complete mixing of the population to have happened.
This process can be simplified in equation, easy steps and symbols as follows:
n1 = number of animals first marked and released.
n2 = number of animals captured in the second sample
m2 = number of marked animals in the second sample
N = Total Population
m2/n2 = n1/N
N = n1 x n2 / m2
-If the number of animals recaptured in the second sample (n2) is less than 8, the estimation of the population is likely to be biased.
-If there are losses from the population during the remixing period, then the estimation would be for the size of the population at the time of the first sampling session.
-If there are gains in the p...
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...in size as a replacement for straw bits. As the data shows, some the proportion of marked straw bits in the first capture to the total population (n1/N) is not equal to the proportion of marked straw bits in the second capture to the total straw bits in the second capture (m2/n2). For example, 20(n1)/100(N)≠3 (m2 in the 4th trial)/10(n2). Since this is a random sampling, it is impossible to control the results especially the number of marked straw bits in the second capture. The container for straw bits is shaken for the mixing between marked straw bits and unmarked straw bits. However, it is not sure that whether the population is mixed thoroughly or not. Some marked straw bits may stuck in some corners with other straw bits even after the mix. Again this is a process of random sampling and it is unpreventable for the marked straw bits’ inability to mix thoroughly.
Simplicity clashes with stress. Living with the bare necessities, the working class families keep themselves happy. The husband works while the wife cooks the meals and takes care of the children. No desire for excessive amounts of m oney exists, just a desire for a strong bond within the family. Upper-class families or families striving for success invite stress into their lives. Too much stress from greedy desires of power creates tension in homes. The higher people c limb up society's ladder, the more likely their families are to fall apart. Flatland, by Edwin Abbott, presents the two dimensional world as a society with mostly working class families. A. Square, the narrator, enlightene d by a three dimensional experience longs to tell of the new knowledge revealed to him. Having no desire to learn of this foreign land called "Spaceland," the citizens of Flatland have A Square locked up. From past experiences, peo ple in Flatland know that new ideas cause turmoil amongst themselves. Focusing on having the basics for survival and a strong love within the family produces a peaceful and less stressful environment.
1These two populations are different species because they have different capabilities of performing in nature. For example there is behavioral isolation. My evidence for that is that in the data, it states that the average time spent in courtship display for the St. Kitts rodent is 12.6 seconds. While the courtship display for the Nevis Rodent is 21.3. You can see that there is a major difference in the way that they behave. Also there is another type of isolation which is gametic isolation. There is gametic isolation because the average gestation time for St. Kitts rodent is 29.3 days. The average gestation for the Nevis rodent is 42.7 days. Therefore a sperm from St. Kitts rodent wouldn’t survive in the reproductive tract of the Nevis rodent. It wouldn’t survive because it wouldn’t develop properly and is not accustomed to its environment. There is also another type of isolation happening with the rodents of St. Kitts. This type of isolation is called temporal isolation. There is temporal isolation because the article states, “the reproductive seasons are being delayed by up to one year.” This is talking about that the rodents are having a hard time finding mates therefore, their reproductive season is being delayed. Also in the article it states, “In the 240 attempts to bring a Nevis animal into the St. Kitts population, you are unable to observe a single successful reproductive event.” The rodents are mechanically isolated, because if you can’t have a reproductive event, there reproductive organs might not be matching with one another. Their appearance might look identical but they are genetically different.
"It comforted him. For almost four years it meant a lot to him," ends the short story, "The Life of Lincoln West" by Gwendolyn Brooks. This quote suggests that the eleven-year-old Lincoln commits suicide. Why would he do this? Because of the crushing rejection of Lincoln by his parents, teacher, friends, and strangers, he ends his life.
Thomas J. DiLorenzo is professor of economics at Loyola University Maryland. He is also a member of the senior faculty of the Mises Institute. DiLorenzo has also written Lincoln Unmasked; How Capitalism Saved America; and Hamilton 's Curse: How Jefferson’s Archenemy Betrayed the American Revolution — and What It Means for Americans Today. So DiLorenzo is a well known writer and an economics professor who is highly educated and qualified to write on the economic positions of the civil war. The purpose of this book The Real Lincoln is to prove that a lot of the good credited to Lincoln is merely “myth.”(DiLorenzo 1) The Author Thomas J. DiLorenzo attempts to do this by writing of Lincoln’s motives based upon quotes from Lincoln’s speeches and
Possible sources of error in this experiment include the inaccuracy of measurements, as correct measurements are vital for the experiment.
In the twenty-first century, schools all over the country teach that Native Americans were here before what are now considered “Americans.” These new Americans arrived by boats, bringing with them disease and manifest destiny, conquering the land that was once called home by thousands of tribes. Nevertheless, through extortionist deals, mass murder and small pox, the land was evetually vacated, leaving the new Americans to take their place and flourish. While schools teach the same basic story of the first thanksgiving and Squanto, what is not remembered is any semblance of the culture. Feather headdresses, bows and arrows, and war calls while playing a game of “Cowboys and Indians” are the images many Americans associate with of what once had dominance over the entirety of the North American continent for centuries (if not millenia). In his collection of short stories The Martian Chronicles, Ray Bradbury expressed unheard of sympathy towards Native American and Communists alike with a radical position that in which he used an fictitious species as an allegory for the struggles of millions. Even though he contradicts himself in the delivery of parts of his core message, Bradbury’s radical viewpoints and pessimistic views of the future serve as both an apology and a warning for the extermination of civilizations. Written and published in the 1950s, the book radically discredited American expansionist tendencies in post war America when such sympathies and opinions were not tolerated. As a warning for the future, Ray Bradbury possessed foresight as conquest of cultures plagues American foreign policy even today.
Throughout the comparatively recent history of the United States, there have been many obstacles that the relatively young nation has had to overcome. Even before the nation had obtained its independence from Britain, there were conflicts with the Natives of the new land. Then wars were fought for other countries benefit, on their own soil. Then, of course, there was the Revolutionary War, fought in the late 1770’s, in which British colonists rose up against their British fathers in order to gain economic, religious and political freedom. After the acquirement of their independence as a nation, there were still many conflicts that the fledgling country had to worry about. The continent of North America was still controlled by other European superpowers, not to mention the multitudes of Native Indians that populated the lands west of the Appalachians. In order to combat other world powers as well as increase their own wealth, trade, and influence, the Americans adopted an attitude of ‘Manifest Destiny’, in which westward expansion was priority and their right. This however, led to more troubles and conflicts with the Natives of the land. The Indians west of the Appalachian m...
8. Taylor, Dan. 1998. Audubon Society Inspired to Action by Bird Die -offs . 17 Jan. 1998 . E-mail . Available bkus@sunstroke.sdsu.edu
The main purpose of this lab was simply to study two factors of Natural Selection: Genetic Drift and Fertility. The first of these factors in the study was Genetic Drift. In this section of the lab, there was one main question to answer: What effect does population size has on random mechanisms? For this question, I hypothesized that if the population is smaller, then the random mechanisms will have a greater effect on the populations. I believed that this was because basic math principles would allude to the idea that any bad random mechanism to a small population would harm a greater percent than a larger population. With a greater portion of their population gone, then the amount of turtles reproducing would lessen significantly.
Henry Miller’s excerpt, through its implications of isolationism, reveals the flaws of Andrew Jackson’s support of the Indian Removal. Although the term “Manifest Destiny” had not been coined during Jackson’s presidency, the sentiment of expansion remained omnipresent. The South, especially eager to expand their farming lands, fervidly supported removing the Native Americans from their territory. Jackson and Southerners “[regarded] the entire world as [their] home.” However, they did not “work
The movement westward during the late 1800’s created new tensions among already strained relations with current Native American inhabitants. Their lands, which were guaranteed to them via treaty with the United States, were now beginning to be intruded upon by the massive influx of people migrating from the east. This intrusion was not taken too kindly, as Native American lands had already been significantly reduced due to previous westward conquest. Growing resentment for the federal government’s Reservation movement could be felt among the native population. One Kiowa chief’s thoughts on this matter summarize the general feeling of the native populace. “All the land south of the Arkansas belongs to the Kiowas and Comanches, and I don’t want to give away any of it” (Edwards, 203). His words, “I don’t want to give away any of it”, seemed to a mantra among the Native Americans, and this thought would resound among them as the mounting tensions reached breaking point.
“The fact that we were unconsciously part of a plan to weaken and cross out the Indianness in you, to pattern your land with our grain and beets and corn and alfalfa now clearly hits me. It is like a blow to the gut to learn that the years spent on the reservation, the times wading in the Wind River, were not the free years of childhood, but the manipulations of a power hungry to exonerate itself, to free itself, to purge the treaties of any real meaning or responsibility. They stole from me my innocence, leaving me a co-conspirator, an enemy to the children I grew with ton the prairie, drove us apart when we could have and should have forged an alliance for our own survival. The force of this unremitting design has killed many of my friends and acquaintances and left me forever with a feeling of unintentional complicity and sadness.” (Wind River, Wunder)
The research our experiment was founded on was that carried out by Taylor and Faust (1952). They carried out an experiment on 105 student’s, which was designed in the method of the game ‘twenty questions’. The students were split into teams of one member, two members and four members. They were then told that the experimenter would keep an object in mind whether it is animal vegetable or mineral was also stated, and they were then allowed 20 questions and guesses to reveal the identity of the object. In there experiment they found that the group of two members performed better than the group of four members in terms of how many guesses and questions it took them and how long it took them to deduce the identity of the object. However Taylor and Faust found that the efficiency did not differ in any significant way.
Native Americans experienced extreme lifestyle changes between 1860 and 1900 due to the Indian Wars, the US government’s not knowing what to do with the uprooted population, and the ‘white man’s burden’. Due to manifest destiny, the removal and containment of Native Americans was an easy decision for the US Government to make, but a nearly detrimental one for all of the tribes involved.
Throughout history there have been many debates in regards to the qualifications required for an individual to be considered a strong and efficient leader. In discussion of Abraham Lincoln, one controversial issue that he and his fellow countrymen experienced was the separation of the Union into two opposing branches, which are the Confederacy and the Union. However, even with the issue of a Civil War right in his backyard no one has come close to the level of leadership that was demonstrated by Abraham Lincoln during his presidential terms. Abraham Lincoln exemplified his leadership qualities by expressing concern for his soldiers, maintaining integrity throughout his terms, and his courage in keeping the Union together